SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Paul Samuelson</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Samuelson</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Paul Samuelson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Samuelson between 1970 and 1975</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Paul Anthony Samuelson</div><br><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1915-05-15</span>)</span>May 15, 1915<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="Gary%2C_Indiana" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary, Indiana</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 13, 2009<span style="display:none">(2009-12-13)</span> (aged 94)<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="Belmont%2C_Massachusetts" title="Belmont, Massachusetts">Belmont, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="plainlist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></li></ul>

<div class="marriage-display-inline"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Marion Crawford</div>

<div class="marriage-display-inline"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Risha Clay</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1981)<wbr></div><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> (<a href="Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br><a href="Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, <a href="Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a><br><a href="Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a> • <a href="Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a> • <a href="Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Leontief</a> • <a href="Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Haberler</a> • <a href="Alvin_Hansen" title="Alvin Hansen">Hansen</a> • <a href="Edwin_Bidwell_Wilson" title="Edwin Bidwell Wilson">Wilson</a> • <a href="Knut_Wicksell" title="Knut Wicksell">Wicksell</a> • <a href="Erik_Lindahl" title="Erik Lindahl">Lindahl</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or tradition</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-Keynesian economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence Klein</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><a href="Robert_C._Merton" title="Robert C. Merton">Robert C. Merton</a><sup id="cite_ref-Merton_1970_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merton_1970-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable ideas</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">Neoclassical synthesis</a><br><a href="Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a><br><a href="Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">Economic methodology</a><br><a href="Revealed_preference" title="Revealed preference">Revealed preference</a><br><a href="International_trade" title="International trade">International trade</a><br><a href="Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a><br><a href="Public_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Public goods">Public goods</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="John_Bates_Clark_Medal" title="John Bates Clark Medal">John Bates Clark Medal</a> (1947)<br><a href="Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> (1970)<br><a href="National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> (1996)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/e/psa57.html">Information</a> at <a href="Research_Papers_in_Economics" title="Research Papers in Economics">IDEAS / RePEc</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Aggregate_demand" title="Aggregate demand">Aggregate demand</a></li>

<li><a href="Aggregate_supply" title="Aggregate supply">Aggregate supply</a></li>

<li><a href="Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Deflation" title="Deflation">Deflation</a></li>

<li><a href="Demand_shock" title="Demand shock">Demand shock</a></li>

<li><a href="Disinflation" title="Disinflation">Disinflation</a></li>

<li><a href="Effective_demand" title="Effective demand">Effective demand</a></li>

<li>Expectations

<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_expectations" title="Adaptive expectations">Adaptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Rational_expectations" title="Rational expectations">Rational</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Growth</a></li>

<li><a href="Inflation" title="Inflation">Inflation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Demand-pull_inflation" title="Demand-pull inflation">Demand-pull</a></li>

<li><a href="Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">Interest rate</a></li>

<li><a href="Investment_(macroeconomics)" title="Investment (macroeconomics)">Investment</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquidity_trap" title="Liquidity trap">Liquidity trap</a></li>

<li><a href="Measures_of_national_income_and_output" title="Measures of national income and output">Measures of national income and output</a>

<li><a href="Microfoundations" title="Microfoundations">Microfoundations</a></li>

<li><a href="Money" title="Money">Money</a>

<ul><li><a href="Endogenous_money" title="Endogenous money">Endogenous</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Money_creation" title="Money creation">Money creation</a></li>

<li><a href="Demand_for_money" title="Demand for money">Demand for money</a>

<ul><li><a href="Liquidity_preference" title="Liquidity preference">Liquidity preference</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Money_supply" title="Money supply">Money supply</a></li>

<li><a href="National_accounts" title="National accounts">National accounts</a>

<li><a href="Nominal_rigidity" title="Nominal rigidity">Nominal rigidity</a></li>

<li><a href="Price_level" title="Price level">Price level</a></li>

<li><a href="Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a></li>

<li><a href="Shrinkflation" title="Shrinkflation">Shrinkflation</a></li>

<li><a href="Stagflation" title="Stagflation">Stagflation</a></li>

<li><a href="Supply_shock" title="Supply shock">Supply shock</a></li>

<li><a href="National_saving" title="National saving">Saving</a></li>

<li><a href="Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">Fiscal</a></li>

<li><a href="Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">Monetary</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_policy" title="Commercial policy">Commercial</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Universal basic income</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<li><a href="Keynesian_cross" title="Keynesian cross">Keynesian cross</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiplier_(economics)" title="Multiplier (economics)">Multiplier</a></li>

<li><a href="Accelerator_effect" title="Accelerator effect">Accelerator</a></li>

<li><a href="Phillips_curve" title="Phillips curve">Phillips curve</a></li>

<li><a href="Arrow%E2%80%93Debreu_model" title="Arrow–Debreu model">Arrow–Debreu</a></li>

<li><a href="Harrod%E2%80%93Domar_model" title="Harrod–Domar model">Harrod–Domar</a></li>

<li><a href="Solow%E2%80%93Swan_model" title="Solow–Swan model">Solow–Swan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramsey%E2%80%93Cass%E2%80%93Koopmans_model" title="Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans model">Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans</a></li>

<li><a href="Overlapping_generations_model" title="Overlapping generations model">Overlapping generations</a></li>

<li><a href="General_equilibrium_theory" title="General equilibrium theory">General equilibrium</a>

<li><a href="Endogenous_growth_theory" title="Endogenous growth theory">Endogenous growth</a></li>

<li><a href="Matching_theory_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matching theory (economics)">Matching theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Mundell%E2%80%93Fleming_model" title="Mundell–Fleming model">Mundell–Fleming</a></li>

<li><a href="Overshooting_model" title="Overshooting model">Overshooting</a></li>

<li><a href="NAIRU" title="NAIRU">NAIRU</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related fields</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">Monetary economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary economics</a></li>

<li><a href="International_economics" title="International economics">International economics</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="History_of_macroeconomic_thought" title="History of macroeconomic thought">Schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><i>Mainstream</i>

<ul><li><a href="Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a>

<li><a href="Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li>

<li><a href="New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">New classical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Real_business-cycle_theory" title="Real business-cycle theory">Real business-cycle theory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stockholm_school_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm school (economics)">Stockholm</a></li>

<li><a href="New_neoclassical_synthesis" title="New neoclassical synthesis">New neoclassical synthesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Saltwater_and_freshwater_economics" title="Saltwater and freshwater economics">Saltwater and freshwater</a></li></ul>

<p><i>Heterodox</i>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Modern_monetary_theory" title="Modern monetary theory">Modern monetary theory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-Keynesian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Monetary_circuit_theory" title="Monetary circuit theory">Circuitism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Disequilibrium_macroeconomics" title="Disequilibrium macroeconomics">Disequilibrium</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian</a></li>

<li><a href="Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li>

<li><a href="Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">François Quesnay</a></li>

<li><a href="Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Thomas Robert Malthus</a></li>

<li><a href="L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Léon Walras</a></li>

<li><a href="Knut_Wicksell" title="Knut Wicksell">Knut Wicksell</a></li>

<li><a href="Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley Clair Mitchell</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li>

<li><a href="Alvin_Hansen" title="Alvin Hansen">Alvin Hansen</a></li>

<li><a href="Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Michał Kalecki</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a></li>

<li><a href="Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a></li>

<li><a href="Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Joan Robinson</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John Hicks</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Stone" title="Richard Stone">Richard Stone</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyman_Minsky" title="Hyman Minsky">Hyman Minsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence Klein</a></li>

<li><a href="Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Edmund Phelps</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert Lucas Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter Diamond</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a></li>

<li><a href="Greg_Mankiw" title="Greg Mankiw">N. Gregory Mankiw</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Macroeconomic_model" title="Macroeconomic model">Macroeconomic model</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_important_publications_in_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications in macroeconomics</a></li>

<li><a href="Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AMoney" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ABusiness" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Paul Anthony Samuelson</b> (May 15, 1915 – December 13, 2009) was an American economist who was the first American to win the <a href="Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a>. When awarding the prize in 1970, the <a href="Swedish_Royal_Academies" title="Swedish Royal Academies">Swedish Royal Academies</a> stated that he "has done more than any other contemporary economist to raise the level of scientific analysis in economic theory".<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Samuelson was one of the most influential economists of the latter half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Econ2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Econ2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dixit_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, he was awarded the <a href="National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samuelson considered <a href="Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> to be the "natural language" for economists and contributed significantly to the mathematical foundations of economics with his book <i><a href="Foundations_of_Economic_Analysis" title="Foundations of Economic Analysis">Foundations of Economic Analysis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was author of the best-selling economics textbook of all time: <i><a href="Economics%3A_An_Introductory_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Economics: An Introductory Analysis">Economics: An Introductory Analysis</a></i>, first published in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Mark_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the second American textbook that attempted to explain the principles of <a href="Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a>.

</p><p>Samuelson served as an advisor to President <a href="John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and President <a href="Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, and was a consultant to the <a href="United_States_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Treasury">United States Treasury</a>, the Bureau of the Budget and the President's <a href="Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a>. Samuelson wrote a weekly column for <i><a href="Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i> magazine along with <a href="Chicago_school_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago school (economics)">Chicago School</a> economist <a href="Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>, where they represented opposing sides: Samuelson, as a self described "Cafeteria Keynesian",<sup id="cite_ref-Econ2009_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Econ2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claimed taking the Keynesian perspective but only accepting what he felt was good in it.<sup id="cite_ref-Econ2009_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Econ2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, Friedman represented the <a href="Monetarism" title="Monetarism">monetarist</a> perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-Szenberg_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szenberg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with <a href="Henry_Wallich" title="Henry Wallich">Henry Wallich</a>, their 1967 columns earned the magazine a <a href="Gerald_Loeb_Special_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald Loeb Special Award">Gerald Loeb Special Award</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-Devaney_1968_May_22_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devaney_1968_May_22-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div>

<p>Samuelson was born in <a href="Gary%2C_Indiana" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary, Indiana</a>, on May 15, 1915, to Frank Samuelson, a <a href="Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">pharmacist</a>, and Ella <span title="Name at birth"><a href="Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a></span> Lipton. His family, he later said, was "made up of upwardly mobile <a href="Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> immigrants from <a href="Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> who had prospered considerably in <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, because Gary was a brand new steel-town when my family went there".<sup id="cite_ref-NYTs_2009_Dec_13_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTs_2009_Dec_13-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1923, Samuelson moved to Chicago where he graduated from Hyde Park High School (now <a href="Hyde_Park_Career_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyde Park Career Academy">Hyde Park Career Academy</a>).

</p><p>Samuelson attended the <a href="University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> as an undergraduate, earning a <a href="Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in 1935. He said he was born as an economist at 8:00 am on January 2, 1932, in the University of Chicago classroom.<sup id="cite_ref-Econ2009_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Econ2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lecture mentioned as the cause was on the British economist <a href="Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a>, who most famously studied population growth and its effects.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTs_2009_Dec_13_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTs_2009_Dec_13-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samuelson felt there was a dissonance between <a href="Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">neoclassical economics</a> and the way the system seemed to behave; he said <a href="Henry_Calvert_Simons" title="Henry Calvert Simons">Henry Simons</a> and <a href="Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Frank Knight</a> were a big influence on him.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker_2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He next completed his <a href="Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> degree in 1936, and his <a href="Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> in 1941 at <a href="Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. He won the David A. Wells prize in 1941 for writing the best doctoral dissertation at Harvard University in economics, for a thesis titled "Foundations of Analytical Economics", which later turned into <i><a href="Foundations_of_Economic_Analysis" title="Foundations of Economic Analysis">Foundations of Economic Analysis</a></i>. As a graduate student at Harvard, Samuelson studied economics under <a href="Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a>, <a href="Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a>, <a href="Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Gottfried Haberler</a>, and the "American Keynes" <a href="Alvin_Hansen" title="Alvin Hansen">Alvin Hansen</a>.

</p><p>Samuelson moved to MIT as an assistant professor in 1940 and remained there until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samuelson's biographer argues that a central reason for Samuelson's move from Harvard to MIT was the anti-Semitism that was famously widespread at Harvard at the time. In a 1989 letter to his friend <a href="Henry_Rosovsky" title="Henry Rosovsky">Henry Rosovsky</a>, Samuelson blamed anti-Semitism in Harvard economics above all on chair Harold Burbank, as well as on <a href="Edward_Chamberlin" title="Edward Chamberlin">Edward Chamberlin</a>, <a href="John_Henry_Williams_(economist)" title="John Henry Williams (economist)">John H. Williams</a>, <a href="John_D._Black" title="John D. Black">John D. Black</a>, and Leonard Crum.<sup id="cite_ref-Backhouse_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Backhouse-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Samuelson's family included many well-known economists, including brother <a href="Robert_Summers_(economist)" title="Robert Summers (economist)">Robert Summers</a>, sister-in-law <a href="Anita_Summers" title="Anita Summers">Anita Summers</a>, brother-in-law <a href="Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a> and nephew <a href="Larry_Summers" class="mw-redirect" title="Larry Summers">Larry Summers</a>.

</p><p>During his seven decades as an economist, Samuelson's professional positions included:

</p>

<ul><li>Assistant professor of economics at MIT, 1940; associate professor, 1944.</li>

<li>Member of the <a href="MIT_Radiation_Laboratory" title="MIT Radiation Laboratory">Radiation Laboratory</a> 1944–45.</li>

<li>Professor of international economic relations (part-time) at the <a href="Fletcher_School_of_Law_and_Diplomacy" title="Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy">Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy</a> in 1945.</li>

<li>Guggenheim Fellowship from 1948 to 1949</li>

<li>Professor of economics at MIT beginning in 1947 and <a href="List_of_Institute_Professors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Institute Professors">Institute Professor</a> beginning in 1962.</li>

<li>Vernon F. Taylor Visiting Distinguished Professor at <a href="Trinity_University_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity University (Texas)">Trinity University (Texas)</a> in spring 1989.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div>

<p>Samuelson died after a brief illness on December 13, 2009, at the age of 94.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His death was announced by the <a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTs_2009_Dec_13_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTs_2009_Dec_13-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="James_M._Poterba" title="James M. Poterba">James M. Poterba</a>, an economics professor at MIT and the president of the <a href="National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a>, commented that Samuelson "leaves an immense legacy, as a researcher and a teacher, as one of the giants on whose shoulders every contemporary economist stands".<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Susan_Hockfield" title="Susan Hockfield">Susan Hockfield</a>, the president of MIT, said that Samuelson "transformed everything he touched: the theoretical foundations of his field, the way economics was taught around the world, the ethos and stature of his department, the investment practices of MIT, and the lives of his colleagues and students".<sup id="cite_ref-revo_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revo-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His second wife died in 2019.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fields_of_interest">Fields of interest</h2></div>

<p>As professor of economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Samuelson worked in many fields, including:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Consumer_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer theory">Consumer theory</a>, where he pioneered the <a href="Revealed_preference" title="Revealed preference">revealed preference</a> approach, which is a method by which one can discern a consumer's <a href="Utility_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Utility function">utility function</a>, by observing their behavior. Rather than postulate a <a href="Utility_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Utility function">utility function</a> or a preference ordering, Samuelson imposed conditions directly on the choices made by individuals – their preferences as revealed by their choices.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare economics</a> and <a href="Public_finance" title="Public finance">public finance</a> theory, in which he popularised the <a href="Lindahl%E2%80%93Bowen%E2%80%93Samuelson_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindahl–Bowen–Samuelson conditions">Lindahl–Bowen–Samuelson conditions</a> (criteria for deciding whether an action will improve welfare) and demonstrated in 1950 the insufficiency of a national-income index to reveal which of two social options was uniformly outside the other's (feasible) <a href="Social_welfare_function#Bergson–Samuelson_social_welfare_function" title="Social welfare function">possibility function</a>, and he is particularly known for his work on determining the <a href="Allocative_efficiency" title="Allocative efficiency">optimal allocation</a> of resources in the presence of both <a href="Public_good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public good (economics)">public goods</a> and <a href="Private_good" title="Private good">private goods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">Capital theory</a>, where he is known for 1958 consumption loans model and a variety of <a href="Turnpike_theory" title="Turnpike theory">turnpike theorems</a> and involved in <a href="Cambridge_capital_controversy" title="Cambridge capital controversy">Cambridge capital controversy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Finance" title="Finance">Finance</a> theory, in which he is known for the <a href="Random_walk_hypothesis" title="Random walk hypothesis">random walk hypothesis</a> and <a href="Efficient-market_hypothesis" title="Efficient-market hypothesis">efficient-market hypothesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="International_economics" title="International economics">International economics</a>, where he influenced the development of two important international trade models: the <a href="Balassa%E2%80%93Samuelson_effect" title="Balassa–Samuelson effect">Balassa–Samuelson effect</a>, and the <a href="Heckscher%E2%80%93Ohlin_model" title="Heckscher–Ohlin model">Heckscher–Ohlin model</a> (with the <a href="Stolper%E2%80%93Samuelson_theorem" title="Stolper–Samuelson theorem">Stolper–Samuelson theorem</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a>, where he popularized the <a href="Overlapping_generations_model" title="Overlapping generations model">overlapping generations model</a> as a way to analyze economic agents' behavior across multiple periods of time,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed <a href="Multiplier-accelerator_model" title="Multiplier-accelerator model">multiplier-accelerator model</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> analyzed <a href="Phillips_curve" title="Phillips curve">Phillips curve</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contributed to formation of the <a href="Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">neoclassical synthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2></div>

<p>Samuelson is considered one of the founders of <a href="Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">neo-Keynesian economics</a> and a seminal figure in the development of <a href="Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">neoclassical economics</a>. In awarding him the <a href="Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a>, the committee stated:

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>More than any other contemporary economist, Samuelson has helped to raise the general analytical and methodological level in economic science. He has simply rewritten considerable parts of economic theory. He has also shown the fundamental unity of both the problems and analytical techniques in economics, partly by a systematic application of the methodology of maximization for a broad set of problems. This means that Samuelson's contributions range over a large number of different fields.</p></blockquote>

<p>He was also essential in creating the <a href="Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">neoclassical synthesis</a>, which ostensibly incorporated <a href="Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> and <a href="Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">neoclassical</a> principles and still dominates current <a href="Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">mainstream economics</a>. In 2003, Samuelson was one of the ten Nobel Prize–winning economists signing the <a href="Economists'_statement_opposing_the_Bush_tax_cuts" title="Economists' statement opposing the Bush tax cuts">Economists' statement opposing the Bush tax cuts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Econ_statement_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Econ_statement-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Samuelson believed <a href="Unregulated_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Unregulated markets">unregulated markets</a> have drawbacks, he stated, "free markets do not stabilise themselves. Zero regulating is vastly suboptimal to rational regulating. Libertarianism is its own worst enemy!" Samuelson strongly criticised Friedman and <a href="Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>, arguing their opposition to state intervention "tells us something about them rather than something about <a href="Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> or <a href="Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a>. It is paranoid to warn against inevitable slippery slopes ... once individual commercial freedoms are in any way infringed upon."<sup id="cite_ref-Econ2009_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Econ2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aphorisms_and_quotations">Aphorisms and quotations</h2></div>

<p><a href="Stanislaw_Ulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislaw Ulam">Stanislaw Ulam</a> once challenged Samuelson to name one theory in all of the social sciences that is both true and nontrivial. Several years later, Samuelson responded with <a href="David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a>'s theory of <a href="Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">comparative advantage</a>: "That it is logically true need not be argued before a mathematician; that it is not trivial is attested by the thousands of important and intelligent men who have never been able to grasp the <a href="Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> for themselves or to believe it after it was explained to them."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>For many years, Samuelson wrote a column for <i><a href="Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>. One article included Samuelson's most quoted remark and a favorite economics joke:

</p>

<blockquote><p>To prove that Wall Street is an early omen of movements still to come in GNP, commentators quote economic studies alleging that market downturns predicted four out of the last five recessions. That is an understatement. Wall Street indexes predicted nine out of the last five recessions! And its mistakes were beauties.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>In the early editions of his famous, bestselling economics textbook Paul Samuelson joked that GDP falls when a man "marries his maid".<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_2016_Apr_30_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_2016_Apr_30-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundations_of_Economic_Analysis"><i>Foundations of Economic Analysis</i></h3></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Foundations_of_Economic_Analysis" title="Foundations of Economic Analysis">Foundations of Economic Analysis</a></div>

<p>Paul Samuelson's book <i><a href="Foundations_of_Economic_Analysis" title="Foundations of Economic Analysis">Foundations of Economic Analysis</a></i> (1946) is considered his <a href="Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">magnum opus</a>. It is derived from his <a href="Doctoral_dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral dissertation">doctoral dissertation</a>, and was inspired by the <a href="Thermodynamics#Classical_thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">classical thermodynamic</a> methods.<sup id="cite_ref-fiu.edu_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiu.edu-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book proposes to:

</p>

<ul><li>Examine underlying analogies between central features in theoretical and applied economics and</li>

<li>Study how <i><a href="Operationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Operationalism">operationally meaningful</a> theorems</i> can be derived with a small number of <i>analogous methods</i> (p. 3),</li></ul>

<p>in order to derive "a general theory of economic theories" (Samuelson, 1983, p. xxvi). The book showed how these goals could be parsimoniously and fruitfully achieved, using the language of the mathematics applied to diverse subfields of economics. The book proposes two general hypotheses as sufficient for its purposes:

</p>

<ul><li><i>Maximizing behavior</i> of <i>agents</i> (including <i>consumers</i> as to utility and <i>business firms</i> as to profit) and</li>

<li>Economic <i>systems</i> (including a market and an economy) in <i>stable equilibrium</i>.</li></ul>

<p>The first tenet suggests that all actors, whether firms or consumers, are striving to maximize something. They could be attempting to maximize profits, utility, or wealth, but it did not matter because their efforts to improve their well-being would provide a basic model for all actors in an economic system.<sup id="cite_ref-Solow-authored_Obit_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solow-authored_Obit-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His second tenet focuses on providing insight on the workings of equilibrium in an economy. Generally in a market, supply would equal demand. However, he noted that this isn't always the case and that the important thing to look at was a system's natural resting point. <i>Foundations</i> presents the question of how an equilibrium would react when it is moved from its optimal point.<sup id="cite_ref-Solow-authored_Obit_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solow-authored_Obit-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samuelson was also influential in providing explanations on how the changes in certain factors can affect an economic system. For example, he could explain the economic effect of changes in taxes or new technologies.

</p><p>In the course of analysis, <i><a href="Comparative_statics" title="Comparative statics">comparative statics</a></i>, (the analysis of changes in equilibrium of the system that result from a parameter change of the system) is formalized and clearly stated.

</p><p>The chapter on <a href="Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">welfare economics</a> "attempt(s) to give a brief but fairly complete survey of the whole field of welfare economics" (Samuelson, 1947, p. 252). It also exposits on and develops what became commonly called the <a href="Abram_Bergson" title="Abram Bergson">Bergson</a>–Samuelson <a href="Social_welfare_function#Bergson–Samuelson_social_welfare_function" title="Social welfare function">social welfare function</a>. It shows how to represent (in the maximization calculus) all real-valued economic measures of any belief system that is required to rank consistently different feasible social configurations in an ethical sense as "better than", "worse than", or "indifferent to" each other (p. 221).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics"><i>Economics</i></h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Economics%3A_An_Introductory_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Economics: An Introductory Analysis">Economics: An Introductory Analysis</a></div>

<p>Samuelson is also author (and from 1985 co-author) of an influential principles textbook, <i><a href="Economics%3A_An_Introductory_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Economics: An Introductory Analysis">Economics</a></i>, first published in 1948 (19th ed. as of 2010; multiple reprints). The book sold more than 300,000 copies of each edition from 1961 through 1976 and was translated into forty-one languages. As of 2018, it had sold over four million copies. <a href="William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a> joined as co-author on the 12th edition (1985). Sometime before 1988, it had become the best-selling economics textbook of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosalsky_2018_Mar_14_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosalsky_2018_Mar_14-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanyal_2018_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanyal_2018-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Samuelson was once quoted as saying, "Let those who will write the nation's laws if I can write its textbooks."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Written in the shadow of the <a href="Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and the <a href="Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, it helped to popularize the insights of <a href="John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>. A main focus was how to avoid, or at least mitigate, the recurring slumps in economic activity.

</p><p>Samuelson wrote: "It is not too much to say that the widespread creation of dictatorships and the resulting World War II stemmed in no small measure from the world's failure to meet this basic economic problem [the Great Depression] adequately."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reflected the concern of Keynes himself with the economic causes of war and the importance of economic policy in promoting peace.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Samuelson's book was the second to introduce Keynesian economics to a wide audience, and was by far the most successful. Canadian economist <a href="Lorie_Tarshis" title="Lorie Tarshis">Lorie Tarshis</a>, who had been a student attending Keynes's lectures at Harvard in the 1930s, published in 1947 an introductory textbook that incorporated his lecture notes, titled <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsofeconom030865mbp/page/n5/mode/2up">Elements of Economics</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarshis_1947_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarshis_1947-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harcourt_1982_Summer_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcourt_1982_Summer-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_Autumn_2005_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_Autumn_2005-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Samuelson's textbook was a watershed in introducing the serious study of business cycles to the economics curriculum. It was particularly timely because it followed the Great Depression. The study of business cycles along with the introduction of the Keynesian approach of aggregate demand set the stage for the macroeconomic revolution in America, which then diffused throughout the world through translations into every major language. Generations of students, who then became teachers, learned their first and most influential lessons from Samuelson's <i>Economics.</i> It attracted many imitators, who became successful in different niches of the college market.

</p><p>The text was not without criticism. While it praised the "mixed economy" of market and government, some found that too radical and attacked it as socialist. As a precursor to criticisms of Samuelson's <i>Economics</i> textbook, <a href="Lorie_Tarshis" title="Lorie Tarshis">Lorie Tarshis</a>'s textbook was attacked by trustees of, and donors to, American colleges and universities as preaching a "<a href="Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> <a href="Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_Spring_2015_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_Spring_2015-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Piling on, <a href="William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Buckley, Jr.">William F. Buckley, Jr.</a>, in his 1951 book, <i><a href="God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a>,</i> devoted an entire chapter, attacking both Samuelson's and Tarshis' textbooks. For Samuelson's book, Buckley drew from the <i>Educational Examiner</i> and credited it as an "excellent review of Samuelson's text." ("Note to Chapter Two." p. 234)<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_1951_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley_1951-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Educational-Reviewer-info_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Educational-Reviewer-info-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Tarshis' book, Buckley drew from <a href="Merwin_K._Hart" title="Merwin K. Hart">Merwin K. Hart</a>'s organization <span style="padding-right:0.15em;"><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/to_wit" class="extiw external" title="wikt:to wit">to wit</a></i></span>: "I am also grateful to the <a href="National_Economic_Council%2C_Inc." title="National Economic Council, Inc.">National Economic Council</a> for its telling analysis of the Tarshis." ("Note to Chapter Two." p. 234)<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_1951_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley_1951-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buckley essentially characterized both as – in the words of <a href="Paul_Davidson_(economist)" title="Paul Davidson (economist)">Paul Davidson</a> – "communist inspired".<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_1951_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley_1951-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_Autumn_2005_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_Autumn_2005-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buckley, for the rest of his life, defended the criticisms set forth in his book.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_publications">Other publications</h3></div>

<p>There are 388 papers in Samuelson's <i>Collected Scientific Papers</i>. <a href="Stanley_Fischer" title="Stanley Fischer">Stanley Fischer</a> (1987, p. 234) writes that taken together they are "unique in their verve, breadth of economic and general knowledge, mastery of setting, and generosity of allusions to predecessors".

</p><p>Samuelson was co-editor, along with <a href="William_A._Barnett" title="William A. Barnett">William A. Barnett</a>, of <i>Inside the Economist's Mind: Conversations with Eminent Economists</i> (Blackwell Publishing, 2007), a collection of interviews with notable economists of the 20th century.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memberships">Memberships</h2></div>

<ul><li>Member of the <a href="American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the United States <a href="United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Fellow of the <a href="British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a></li>

<li>President (1965–68) of the <a href="International_Economic_Association" title="International Economic Association">International Economic Association</a></li>

<li>Member and past president (1961) of the <a href="American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">American Economic Association</a></li>

<li>Member of the editorial board and past president (1951) of the <a href="Econometric_Society" title="Econometric Society">Econometric Society</a></li>

<li>Fellow, council member and past vice-president of the <a href="Royal_Economic_Society" title="Royal Economic Society">Royal Economic Society</a>.</li>

<li>Member of <a href="Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="refbegin" style="">

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textbooks_and_chapters">Textbooks and chapters</h3></div>

<ul><li>Samuelson, Paul A. (1947), Enlarged ed. 1983. <i><a href="Foundations_of_Economic_Analysis" title="Foundations of Economic Analysis">Foundations of Economic Analysis</a></i>, Harvard University Press.</li>

<li>Samuelson, Paul A. (1948), <i><a href="Economics%3A_An_Introductory_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Economics: An Introductory Analysis">Economics: An Introductory Analysis</a></i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0070747415</bdi>; with <a href="William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William D. Nordhaus</a> (since 1985), 2009, 19th ed., McGraw–Hill. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0071263832</bdi></li>

<li>Samuelson, Paul A. (1958), <i>Linear Programming and Economic Analysis</i> with <a href="Robert_Dorfman" title="Robert Dorfman">Robert Dorfman</a> and <a href="Robert_M._Solow" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Solow">Robert M. Solow</a>, McGraw–Hill. Chapter-preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k5_vzaCNQP4C&pg=PP11">links.</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapters">Chapters</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1966" class="citation book cs1">Samuelson, Paul A. (1966) [1960]. "Efficient paths of capital accumulation in terms of the calculus of variations". In <a href="Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Arrow, Kenneth J.</a>; <a href="Samuel_Karlin" title="Samuel Karlin">Karlin, Samuel</a>; <a href="Patrick_Suppes" title="Patrick Suppes">Suppes, Patrick</a> (eds.). <i>Mathematical models in the social sciences, 1959: Proceedings of the first Stanford symposium</i>. Stanford mathematical studies in the social sciences, IV. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">77–</span>88. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0804700214</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1982" class="citation book cs1">Samuelson, Paul A. (1982). "Quesnay's 'Tableau Economique' as a theorist would formulate it today". In <a href="Ronald_L._Meek" title="Ronald L. Meek">Meek, Ronald</a>; Bradley, Ian C.; Howard, Michael C. (eds.). <i>Classical and Marxian political economy: essays in honour of Ronald L. Meek</i>. London: Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">45–</span>78. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0333321997</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1952" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, Paul A. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/P/cp/p00b/p0061.pdf">"Economic Theory and Mathematics – An Appraisal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Economic Review</i>. <b>42</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">56–</span>66.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1954" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, Paul A (1954). "The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure". <i>Review of Economics and Statistics</i>. <b>36</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">387–</span>89. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1925895">10.2307/1925895</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1925895">1925895</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153571905">153571905</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collected_works">Collected works</h3></div>

<ul><li><i>The Collected Scientific Papers of Paul A. Samuelson</i>, MIT Press. Preview links for vol. 1–3 below. Contents links for vol. 4–7. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1079936608/editions">1079936608 (all editions)</a>.

<ul><li>Samuelson, Paul A. (1966), Vol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oi-yoPkdKXkC&pg=PR9=gbs_book_other_versions_r">1</a> → via <a href="Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, 1937–mid-1964.</li>

<li>––. (1966), Vol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XQQFn8Vk470C&pg=PR9=gbs_book_other_versions_r">2</a> → via <a href="Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, 1937–mid-1964.</li>

<li>––. (1972), Vol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xisb9usg790C&dq=false&pg=PR7">3</a> → via <a href="Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, mid-1964–1970.</li>

<li>––.(1977), Vol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116403027612/page/n5/mode/2up">4</a> → via <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(registration required)</span>, 1971–76.</li>

<li>––. (1986), Vol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UKeJEc46R9AC&pg=PR8">5</a> → via <a href="Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, 1977–1985 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150630034401/https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/collected-scientific-papers-paul-samuelson-3">Description</a> → via</li>

<li>––. (2011), Vol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/samuelson/samuelson6.pdf">6</a>, 1986–2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110502115456/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=12518">Description</a> → via <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essays">Essays</h3></div>

<ul><li>Samuelson, Paul A. (1983). "My Life Philosophy", <i>The American Economist</i>, 27(2), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0569434516630199">pp. 5–12.</a></li>

<li>Samuelson, Paul A. (2007), <i>Inside the Economist's Mind: Conversations with Eminent Economists</i> with <a href="William_A._Barnett" title="William A. Barnett">William A. Barnett</a>, Blackwell Publishing, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1405159170</bdi></li>

<li>Samuelson, Paul A. (2002), <i>Paul Samuelson and the Foundations of Modern Economics</i>, Transaction Publishers, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0765801142</bdi></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papers">Papers</h3></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/findingaids/samuelsonpaul/">Paul A. Samuelson Papers, 1933–2010</a>, <a href="Duke_University_Libraries#David_M._Rubenstein_Rare_Book_&_Manuscript_Library" title="Duke University Libraries">Rubenstein Library</a>, <a href="Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/664246147">664246147</a>.</li></ul>

</div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="div-col">

<ul><li><a href="Samuelson's_inequality" title="Samuelson's inequality">Samuelson's inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="Iceberg_transport_cost_model" title="Iceberg transport cost model">Samuelson's Iceberg transport cost model</a></li>

<li><a href="Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New Keynesian economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-Keynesian economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" class="extiw external" title="q:Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson – Wikiquote</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">List of Jewish Nobel laureates</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_annotations">Explanatory annotations</h3></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 50em;">

<li id="cite_note-Educational-Reviewer-info-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Educational-Reviewer-info_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Educational Reviewer</i> was founded in 1949 by Lucille Cardin Crain (<span style="padding-right:0.15em;"><i>née</i></span> Marie Lucille Gabrielle Cardin; 1901–1983), a conservative activist whose primary interest was in – as she stated in 1951 – "rooting out radical influences in American education." In each issue, arch-conservative academicians and writers offered their views of high school and college textbooks as evidence of <a href="Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">collectivist</a> content and the like. The publication, for the first three years, was chiefly financed by <a href="William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Buckley, Jr.">William F. Buckley, Jr.</a> Crain's husband, Kenneth Cardwell Crain (1883–1969), was a brother of <a href="Gustavus_Demetrious_Crain%2C_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Demetrious Crain, Jr.">Gustavus Demetrious Crain, Jr.</a> (1885–1973), founder of <a href="Crain_Communications" title="Crain Communications">Crain Communications</a>. </span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/15/archives/marion-crawford-samuelson.html">"Marion Crawford Samuelson"</a>. <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. February 15, 1978<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/bostonglobe/name/risha-samuelson-obituary?id=1869420">"Risha Clay Samuelson: Obituary"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. June 4, 2019.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gyReAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA361">Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia</a></i>, p. 361, at <a href="Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDe_VroeyMalgrange2012" class="citation journal cs1">De Vroey, Michel; Malgrange, Pierre (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46473601">"From <i>The Keynesian Revolution</i> to the Klein–Goldberger model: Klein and the Dynamization of Keynesian Theory"</a>. <i>History of Economic Ideas</i>. <b>20</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">113–</span>36.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Merton_1970-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merton_1970_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMerton1970" class="citation thesis cs1"><a href="Robert_C._Miller" title="Robert C. Miller">Merton, Robert C.</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/13875"><i>Analytical Optimal Control Theory as Applied to Stochastic and Non-Stochastic Economics</i></a> (PhD dissertation). <a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F13875">1721.1/13875</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MIT-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MIT_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MIT_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2009" class="citation web cs1">Frost, Greg (December 13, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/obit-samuelson-1213.html">"Nobel-winning economist Paul A. Samuelson dies at age 94"</a>. <i>MIT News</i>.</cite> "In a career that spanned seven decades, he transformed his field, influenced millions of students and turned MIT into an economics powerhouse"</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Econ2009-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Econ2009_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Econ2009_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Econ2009_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Econ2009_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Econ2009_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2009/12/17/paul-samuelson">"Paul Samuelson: The last of the great general economists died on December 13th, aged 94"</a>, <i><a href="The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, December 17, 2009</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Dixit-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dixit_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDixit2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dixit, Avinash (September 1, 2012). "Paul Samuelson's Legacy". <i>Annual Review of Economics</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>31. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-economics-080511-110957">10.1146/annurev-economics-080511-110957</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-1383">1941-1383</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSolow2010" class="citation journal cs1">Solow, Robert (2010). "On Paul Samuelson". <i>Challenge</i>. <b>53</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">113–</span>116. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2753%2F0577-5132530207">10.2753/0577-5132530207</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155020549">155020549</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mark-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mark_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSkousken1997" class="citation journal cs1">Skousken, Mark (Spring 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.11.2.137">"The Perseverance of Paul Samuelson's Economics"</a>. <i>Journal of Economic Perspectives</i>. <b>11</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">137–</span>152. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.11.2.137">10.1257/jep.11.2.137</a></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Szenberg-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Szenberg_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSzenbergGottesmanRamrattan2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Michael_Szenberg" title="Michael Szenberg">Szenberg, Michael</a>; Gottesman, Aron A.; Ramrattan, lall (2005). <i>Paul Samuelson: On Being an Economist</i>. New York: Jorge Pinto Books. p. 18. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0974261539</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Devaney_1968_May_22-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Devaney_1968_May_22_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDevaney1968" class="citation news cs1">Devaney, James J. (May 22, 1968). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspapers.com/image/370559693/">"'Playboy', 'Monitor' Honored"</a></span>. <i><a href="Hartford_Courant" title="Hartford Courant">Hartford Courant</a></i>. Vol. 131, no. 143 (Final ed.). p. 36<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2019</span> – via <a href="Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NYTs_2009_Dec_13-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTs_2009_Dec_13_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTs_2009_Dec_13_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTs_2009_Dec_13_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein2009" class="citation news cs1">Weinstein, Michael M. (December 13, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/14/business/economy/14samuelson.html">"Paul A. Samuelson, Economist, Dies at 94"</a>. <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Parker_2002-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parker_2002_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFParker2002" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Randall E. (2002). <i>Reflections on the Great Depression</i>. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. p. 25. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1843763352</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBackhouse2014" class="citation journal cs1">Backhouse, R. E. (2014). "Paul A. Samuelson's Move to MIT". <i>History of Political Economy</i>. <b>46</b>: 60. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182702-2716118">10.1215/00182702-2716118</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Backhouse-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Backhouse_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBackhouse2017" class="citation book cs1">Backhouse, Roger (2017). <i>Founder of Modern Economics: Paul Samuelson, vol. 1: Becoming Samuelson, 1915–1948</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">300–</span>307. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0190664091</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Reuters-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5BC15620091213">"Nobel economics laureate Samuelson died at 94"</a>. Reuters. December 14, 2006.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-revo-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-revo_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/6806318/Economics-revolutionary-Paul-Samuelson-dies-aged-94.html">"Economics revolutionary Paul Samuelson dies aged 94"</a>, <i><a href="The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>, December 14, 2009</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, Stanley. "Samuelson, Paul Anthony (1915–2009)". <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>. Third Edition. Eds. Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1948" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, Paul A. (1948). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2549561">"Consumption Theory in Terms of Revealed Preference"</a></span>. <i>Economica</i>. <b>15</b> (60): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>253. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2549561">10.2307/2549561</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0427">0013-0427</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2549561">2549561</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1950" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, Paul A. (1950). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/oep/article-abstract/2/1/1/2360396">"Evaluation of Real National Income"</a></span>. <i>Oxford Economic Papers</i>. <b>2</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>29. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.oep.a041383">10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041383</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-7653">0030-7653</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1954" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, Paul A. (1954). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1925895">"The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure"</a></span>. <i>The Review of Economics and Statistics</i>. <b>36</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">387–</span>389. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1925895">10.2307/1925895</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6535">0034-6535</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1925895">1925895</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1962" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, Paul A. (June 1962). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2295954">"Parable and Realism in Capital Theory: The Surrogate Production Function"</a></span>. <i>The Review of Economic Studies</i>. <b>29</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">193–</span>206. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2295954">10.2307/2295954</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6527">0034-6527</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2295954">2295954</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1976" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, P. A. (January 1, 1976). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0362-546X(76)90004-3">"The periodic turnpike theorem"</a></span>. <i>Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>13. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0362-546X%2876%2990004-3">10.1016/0362-546X(76)90004-3</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-546X">0362-546X</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1965" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, Paul A. (Spring 1965). "Proof That Properly Anticipated Prices Fluctuate Randomly". <i>Industrial Management Review</i>. <b>6</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>49.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1970" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, P. A. (October 1, 1970). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2296483">"The Fundamental Approximation Theorem of Portfolio Analysis in terms of Means, Variances and Higher Moments"</a></span>. <i>The Review of Economic Studies</i>. <b>37</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">537–</span>542. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2296483">10.2307/2296483</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6527">0034-6527</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2296483">2296483</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1974" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, Paul A. (October 31, 1974). "Challenge to Judgment". <i>The Journal of Portfolio Management</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">17–</span>19. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3905%2Fjpm.1974.408496">10.3905/jpm.1974.408496</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStolperSamuelson1941" class="citation journal cs1">Stolper, W. F.; Samuelson, P. A. (November 1, 1941). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2967638">"Protection and Real Wages"</a></span>. <i>The Review of Economic Studies</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">58–</span>73. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2967638">10.2307/2967638</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6527">0034-6527</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2967638">2967638</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1964" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, P. A. (1964). "Theoretical Notes on Trade Problems". <i>Review of Economics and Statistics</i>. <b>46</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">145–</span>154. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1928178">10.2307/1928178</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1928178">1928178</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1958" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, Paul A. (December 1958). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/258100">"An Exact Consumption-Loan Model of Interest with or without the Social Contrivance of Money"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>66</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">467–</span>482. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F258100">10.1086/258100</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3808">0022-3808</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1939" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, Paul A. (May 1939). "Interactions between the Multiplier Analysis and the Principle of Acceleration". <i>The Review of Economics and Statistics</i>. <b>21</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">75–</span>78. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1927758">10.2307/1927758</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1927758">1927758</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelsonSolow1960" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, Paul A.; Solow, Robert M. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1815021">"Analytical Aspects of Anti-Inflation Policy"</a>. <i>The American Economic Review</i>. <b>50</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">177–</span>194. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8282">0002-8282</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1815021">1815021</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tobin, James. "Macroeconomics and fiscal policy". <i>Paul Samuelson and Modern Economic Theory</i>. Eds. E. Cary Brown and Robert M. Solow. McGraw-Hill, 1983.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Econ_statement-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Econ_statement_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epi.org/publications/entry/econ_stmt_2003/">"Economists' statement opposing the Bush tax cuts"</a>. April 3, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1969" class="citation book cs1">Samuelson, Paul (1969). "The Way of an Economist". In Samuelson, P. A. (ed.). <i>International Economic Relations: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the International Economic Association</i>. London: Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>11.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWorstall2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Tim_Worstall" title="Tim Worstall">Worstall, Tim</a> (December 16, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timworstall.com/2009/12/second-near-random-paul-samuelson-anecdote-of-the-day/">"Second near random Paul Samuelson anecdote of the day"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1966" class="citation news cs1">Samuelson, Paul (September 19, 1966). "Science and Stocks". <i>Newsweek</i>. p. 92.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Economist_2016_Apr_30-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Economist_2016_Apr_30_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/briefing/2016/04/30/the-trouble-with-gdp">"The Trouble With GDP"</a></span>. <i><a href="The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. April 30, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-fiu.edu-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fiu.edu_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liossatos, Panagis, S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6332615.pdf">"Statistical Entropy in General Equilibrium Theory"</a>, (p. 3). Department of Economics, Florida International University.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Solow-authored_Obit-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Solow-authored_Obit_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solow-authored_Obit_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSolow2010" class="citation journal cs1">Solow, Robert (January 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1186205">"Paul A. Samuelson (1915–2009)"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>327</b> (5963): 282. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sci...327..282S">2010Sci...327..282S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1186205">10.1126/science.1186205</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20075240">20075240</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206525085">206525085</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Rosalsky_2018_Mar_14-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosalsky_2018_Mar_14_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRosalsky,_March_14,2018" class="citation journal cs1">Rosalsky, Gregory Ellis (March 14, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://behavioralscientist.org/freeing-econ-101-beyond-the-grasp-of-the-invisible-hand/">"Freeing Econ 101: Beyond the Grasp of the Invisible Hand"</a>. <i>Behavorial Scientist</i> (non-profit <a href="Online_magazine" title="Online magazine">digital magazine</a>). <a href="Broad_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Broad Street (Manhattan)">Broad Street</a>, <a href="Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sanyal_2018-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanyal_2018_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSanyal2018" class="citation book cs1">Sanyal, Amal (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OEcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174">"After Keynes – Box 6.3: Paul Samuelson"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OEcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174"><i>Economics and Its Stories</i></a>. <a href="London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, an imprint of the <a href="Taylor_%26_Francis_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor & Francis Group">Taylor & Francis Group</a>. p. 174. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1351581691</bdi>.</cite><span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1138099609</bdi> (hard copy); <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1315098968</bdi> (<a href="E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-book</a>); <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/989032184/editions">989032184 (all editions)</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Samuelson.html">"Paul Anthony Samuelson: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics | Library of Economics and Liberty"</a>. <i>www.econlib.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <cite id="CITEREFMankiw2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="N._Gregory_Mankiw" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Gregory Mankiw">Mankiw, Gregory</a> (January 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/business/economy/11view.html">"Is government spending too easy an answer?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <cite id="CITEREFMarkwell2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Donald_Markwell" title="Donald Markwell">Markwell, Donald</a> (2006). <i>John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0198292364</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1989" class="citation book cs1">Samuelson, Paul (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsintrodu00paul"><i>Economics</i></a></span> (13th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsintrodu00paul/page/837">837</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0070547865</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1970/samuelson/biographical/">"Paul A. Samuelson Biographical"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Tarshis_1947-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tarshis_1947_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTarshis,1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Lorie_Tarshis" title="Lorie Tarshis">Tarshis, Lorie</a> (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsofeconom030865mbp/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Elements of Economics: An Introduction to the Theory of Price and Employment</i></a>. <a href="Houghton_Mifflin_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin Company">Houghton Mifflin Company</a> – <a href="The_Riverside_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Riverside Press">The Riverside Press</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/989388561">989388561</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Harcourt_1982_Summer-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harcourt_1982_Summer_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHarcourt,_G._C.1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Geoffrey_Harcourt" title="Geoffrey Harcourt">Harcourt, G. C.</a> (July 1982). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4537699">"An Early Post Keynesian: Lorie Tarshis (or: Tarshis on Tarshis by Harcourt)"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Post Keynesian Economics</i>. <b>4</b> (4). <a href="Taylor_%26_Francis%2C_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor & Francis, Ltd.">Taylor & Francis, Ltd.</a>: <span class="nowrap">609–</span>619. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01603477.1982.11489324">10.1080/01603477.1982.11489324</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4537699">4537699</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0160-3477">0160-3477</a> (publication); <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/222424878">222424878</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5550180927">5550180927</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7323662377">7323662377</a> (article).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Davidson_Autumn_2005-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_Autumn_2005_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_Autumn_2005_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson,_Autumn2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Paul_Davidson_(economist)" title="Paul Davidson (economist)">Davidson, Paul</a> (Autumn 2005). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.com/stable/4538962">"Galbraith and the Post Keynesians"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Post Keynesian Economics</i>. <b>28</b> (1). <a href="Taylor_%26_Francis%2C_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor & Francis, Ltd.">Taylor & Francis, Ltd.</a>: <span class="nowrap">103–</span>113. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4538962">4538962</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite>("William F. Buckley [<span class="nowrap"> ... </span>] attacked Tarshis's book as being communist inspired." p. 107)<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0160-3477">0160-3477</a> (print publication); <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-7821">1557-7821</a> (online publication); <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5550151503">5550151503</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/192224991">192224991</a> (article).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Davidson_Spring_2015-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_Spring_2015_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson,_Spring2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Paul_Davidson_(economist)" title="Paul Davidson (economist)">Davidson, Paul</a> (Spring 2015). "What Was the Primary Factor Encouraging Mainstream Economists to Marginalize Post Keynesian Theory?". <i>Journal of Post Keynesian Economics</i>. <b>37</b> (3). <a href="Taylor_%26_Francis%2C_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor & Francis, Ltd.">Taylor & Francis, Ltd.</a>: <span class="nowrap">369–</span>383. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01603477.2015.1000093">10.1080/01603477.2015.1000093</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154780517">154780517</a>.</cite><span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0160-3477">0160-3477</a> (print publication); <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-7821">1557-7821</a> (online publication); <a href="ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1673822215">1673822215</a> (abstract; database → <a href="ABI/INFORM" class="mw-redirect" title="ABI/INFORM">ABI/INFORM</a> Collection); <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8504916331">8504916331</a> (article).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Buckley_1951-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_1951_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_1951_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_1951_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley,1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="William_F._Buckley%2C_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Buckley, Jr.">Buckley, William F. Jr.</a> (1977) [1951]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godmanatyale0000unse/page/44/mode/2up">"Chapter 2: Individualism at Yale"</a>. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godmanatyale0000unse/page/44/mode/2up"><i>God and Man at Yale: The Superstitions of "Academic Freedom</i></a></span> (4th printing). <a href="Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: <a href="Henry_Regnery_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Regnery Company">Henry Regnery Company</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">45–</span>113. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0895266927</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite>(Buckley's criticism of <a href="Lorie_Tarshis" title="Lorie Tarshis">Tarshis</a>'s textbook, <i><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsofeconom030865mbp">The Elements of Economics</a></span>,</i> begins at p. 49 and is expanded in Appendix VII → pp. 227, 230–231).<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/189667/editions">189667 (all editions)</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/paul-anthony-samuelson">"Paul Anthony Samuelson"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Paul+Samuelson&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/50903.html">"Paul A. Samuelson"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBackhouse2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Roger_E._Backhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger E. Backhouse">Backhouse, Roger E.</a> (2017). <i>Founder of Modern Economics: Paul A. Samuelson: Volume 1: Becoming Samuelson, 1915–1948</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0190664114</bdi>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=65-PDgAAQBAJ">Description</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=65-PDgAAQBAJ">arrow-scrollable preview</a>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFischer1987" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Stanley (1987). "Samuelson, Paul Anthony". <i><a href="New_Palgrave%3A_A_Dictionary_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</a></i>. Vol. 4. London: Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">234–</span>41. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0935859102</bdi>.</cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFusfeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Fusfeld, Daniel R. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofeconomist0087fusf">"The Neoclassical Synthesis"</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofeconomist0087fusf/page/198"><i>The Age of the Economist</i></a> (9th ed.). Boston: <a href="Addison-Wesley" title="Addison-Wesley">Addison-Wesley</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofeconomist0087fusf/page/198">198–201</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0321088123</bdi>.</cite>.</li></ul>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="David_R._Henderson" title="David R. Henderson">Henderson, David R.</a>, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Samuelson.html">"Paul Anthony Samuelson (1915–2009)"</a>. <i><a href="The_Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics">The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics</a></i>. <a href="Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">582–</span>583. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0865976665</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFSilk1976" class="citation book cs1">Silk, Leonard (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economists0000unse"><i>The Economists</i></a></span>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0465018109</bdi>.</cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSobel1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Robert_Sobel" title="Robert Sobel">Sobel, Robert</a> (1980). <i>The Worldly Economists</i>. New York: Free Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0029297803</bdi>.</cite>.</li></ul>

<ul><li><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forum-mag.fi/i-inkomstpolitiken-tvar-vi-vara-hander/">"I inkomstpolitiken tvår vi våra händer"</a>. <i><a href="Forum_(business_magazine)" title="Forum (business magazine)">Forum</a></i> (in Swedish). No. <span class="nowrap">1973–</span>17. October 31, 1973. p. 07-09. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0533-070X">0533-070X</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox">

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paul_Samuelson" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paul_Samuelson" class="extiw external" title="q:Special:Search/Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a></b></i>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=137085">Paul Samuelson</a> at the <a href="Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/679">Paul A. Samuelson</a> on Nobelprize.org </li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027101106/http://geocities.com/gfh_axds_as/zax/samuelson-bio-press.html">Presentation Speech</a> by Professor <a href="Assar_Lindbeck" title="Assar Lindbeck">Assar Lindbeck</a>, Stockholm School of Economics, Award Ceremony, The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, 1970</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040806110730/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/samuelson.htm"><i>A History of Economic Thought</i> biography</a>, 2004</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014093711/http://yale.edu/opa/campus/2005_commencement/honorand_bios.html#samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a>, Yale Honorands biography, May 2005</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/obit-samuelson-1213.html">"Nobel-winning economist Paul A. Samuelson dies at age 94"</a>, <i>MIT News</i>, December 13, 2009</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Samuelson%2C%20Paul%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Paul%20Samuelson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Samuelson%2C%20Paul%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Paul%20Samuelson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Samuelson%2C%20P%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Paul%20Samuelson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Samuelson%2C%20Paul%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Paul%20Samuelson%22%29%20OR%20%28%221915-2009%22%20AND%20Samuelson%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Paul Samuelson</a> at the <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?21398">Appearances</a> on <a href="C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ZglAOxkAAAAJ">Paul Samuelson</a> publications indexed by <a href="Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Keynesians211" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Keynesians211" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics"><em style="font-style:normal;">Keynesians</em></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founder</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">Neo-Keynesians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gardner_Ackley" title="Gardner Ackley">Gardner Ackley</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">William Baumol</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Duesenberry" title="James Duesenberry">James Duesenberry</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Eisner" title="Robert Eisner">Robert Eisner</a></li>

<li><a href="Trygve_Haavelmo" title="Trygve Haavelmo">Trygve Haavelmo</a></li>

<li><a href="Alvin_Hansen" title="Alvin Hansen">Alvin Hansen</a></li>

<li><a href="Roy_Harrod" title="Roy Harrod">Roy Harrod</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Heller" title="Walter Heller">Walter Heller</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John Hicks</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence Klein</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Meade" title="James Meade">James Meade</a></li>

<li><a href="Lloyd_Metzler" title="Lloyd Metzler">Lloyd Metzler</a></li>

<li><a href="Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Mundell" title="Robert Mundell">Robert Mundell</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Melvin_Okun" title="Arthur Melvin Okun">Arthur Melvin Okun</a></li>

<li><a href="Don_Patinkin" title="Don Patinkin">Don Patinkin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bill_Phillips_(economist)" title="Bill Phillips (economist)">Bill Phillips</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Poole_(economist)" title="William Poole (economist)">William Poole</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert Solow</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-Keynesians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Victoria_Chick" title="Victoria Chick">Victoria Chick</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Davidson_(economist)" title="Paul Davidson (economist)">Paul Davidson</a></li>

<li><a href="Evsey_Domar" title="Evsey Domar">Evsey Domar</a></li>

<li><a href="James_K._Galbraith" title="James K. Galbraith">James K. Galbraith</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a></li>

<li><a href="Wynne_Godley" title="Wynne Godley">Wynne Godley</a></li>

<li><a href="Myron_J._Gordon" title="Myron J. Gordon">Myron J. Gordon</a></li>

<li><a href="Geoffrey_Harcourt" title="Geoffrey Harcourt">Geoff Harcourt</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Hudson_(economist)" title="Michael Hudson (economist)">Michael Hudson</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Kahn%2C_Baron_Kahn" title="Richard Kahn, Baron Kahn">Richard Kahn</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicholas_Kaldor" title="Nicholas Kaldor">Nicholas Kaldor</a></li>

<li><a href="Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Michał Kalecki</a></li>

<li><a href="Steve_Keen" title="Steve Keen">Steve Keen</a></li>

<li><a href="Jan_Kregel" title="Jan Kregel">Jan Kregel</a></li>

<li><a href="Marc_Lavoie" title="Marc Lavoie">Marc Lavoie</a></li>

<li><a href="Abba_P._Lerner" title="Abba P. Lerner">Abba P. Lerner</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyman_Minsky" title="Hyman Minsky">Hyman Minsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Bill_Mitchell_(economist)" title="Bill Mitchell (economist)">Bill Mitchell</a></li>

<li><a href="Basil_Moore" title="Basil Moore">Basil Moore</a></li>

<li><a href="Steven_Pressman_(economist)" title="Steven Pressman (economist)">Steven Pressman</a></li>

<li><a href="Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Joan Robinson</a></li>

<li><a href="G._L._S._Shackle" title="G. L. S. Shackle">G. L. S. Shackle</a></li>

<li><a href="Pavlina_R._Tcherneva" title="Pavlina R. Tcherneva">Pavlina R. Tcherneva</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthony_Thirlwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Thirlwall">Anthony Thirlwall</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a></li>

<li><a href="Sidney_Weintraub_(economist_born_1914)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Weintraub (economist born 1914)">Sidney Weintraub</a></li>

<li><a href="L._Randall_Wray" title="L. Randall Wray">L. Randall Wray</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New Keynesians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George Akerlof</a></li>

<li><a href="Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a></li>

<li><a href="Olivier_Blanchard" title="Olivier Blanchard">Olivier Blanchard</a></li>

<li><a href="Alan_Blinder" title="Alan Blinder">Alan Blinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Guillermo_Calvo" title="Guillermo Calvo">Guillermo Calvo</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Clarida" title="Richard Clarida">Richard Clarida</a></li>

<li><a href="J._Bradford_DeLong" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Bradford DeLong">Brad DeLong</a></li>

<li><a href="Huw_Dixon" title="Huw Dixon">Huw Dixon</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanley_Fischer" title="Stanley Fischer">Stanley Fischer</a></li>

<li><a href="Jordi_Gal%C3%AD" title="Jordi Galí">Jordi Galí</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Gertler_(economist)" title="Mark Gertler (economist)">Mark Gertler</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_J._Gordon" title="Robert J. Gordon">Robert J. Gordon</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephany_Griffith-Jones" title="Stephany Griffith-Jones">Stephany Griffith-Jones</a></li>

<li><a href="Nobuhiro_Kiyotaki" title="Nobuhiro Kiyotaki">Nobuhiro Kiyotaki</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a></li>

<li><a href="Greg_Mankiw" title="Greg Mankiw">Greg Mankiw</a></li>

<li><a href="Marc_Melitz" title="Marc Melitz">Marc Melitz</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurice_Obstfeld" title="Maurice Obstfeld">Maurice Obstfeld</a></li>

<li><a href="Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Edmund Phelps</a></li>

<li><a href="Ricardo_Reis" title="Ricardo Reis">Ricardo Reis</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_Rogoff" title="Kenneth Rogoff">Kenneth Rogoff</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Romer" title="David Romer">David Romer</a></li>

<li><a href="Julio_Rotemberg" title="Julio Rotemberg">Julio Rotemberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert Shiller</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrei_Shleifer" title="Andrei Shleifer">Andrei Shleifer</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a></li>

<li><a href="John_B._Taylor" title="John B. Taylor">John B. Taylor</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Woodford_(economist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Woodford (economist)">Michael Woodford</a></li>

<li><a href="Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col">

<div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":20,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"> </span> <bdi dir="ltr">Keynesian economics</bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div>

</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economics681" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economics681" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Economics#Theoretical_research" title="Economics">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Price_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Price theory">Price theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Complexity_economics" title="Complexity economics">Complexity economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational economics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Agent-based_computational_economics" title="Agent-based computational economics">Agent-based computational economics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Pluralism_in_economics" title="Pluralism in economics">Pluralism in economics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Economics#Empirical_research" title="Economics">Empirical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic history</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agriculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic</a></li>

<li><a href="Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li>

<li><a href="Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographic</a></li>

<li><a href="Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_history" title="Economic history">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrastructure_and_economics" title="Infrastructure and economics">Infrastructure</a></li>

<li><a href="Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutions</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li>

<li><a href="Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Management</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-monetary_economy" title="Non-monetary economy">Non-monetary</a></li>

<li><a href="Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li>

<li><a href="Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public sector</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Social choice">Social choice</a></li>

<li><a href="Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulatory_economics" title="Regulatory economics">Regulatory</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Resources</a></li>

<li><a href="Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural</a></li>

<li><a href="Service_economy" title="Service economy">Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_economics" title="Transport economics">Transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a></li>

<li><a href="Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a><br>(<a href="History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">history</a>)<br></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attention_economy" title="Attention economy">Attention</a></li>

<li><a href="Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream</a></li>

<li><a href="Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox</a></li>

<li><a href="American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American (National)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_economic_thought" title="Ancient economic thought">Ancient thought</a></li>

<li><a href="Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li>

<li><a href="Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist</a></li>

<li><a href="Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Modern_monetary_theory" title="Modern monetary theory">Modern monetary theory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a></li>

<li><a href="Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Democratic</a></li>

<li><a href="Disequilibrium_macroeconomics" title="Disequilibrium macroeconomics">Disequilibrium</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li>

<li><a href="Freiwirtschaft" title="Freiwirtschaft">Freiwirtschaft</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li>

<li><a href="Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li>

<li><a href="Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a> (<a href="Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis</a>)</li>

<ul><li><a href="Monetary_circuit_theory" title="Monetary circuit theory">Circuitism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian</a>

<li><a href="Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed</a></li>

<li><a href="Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lausanne_School" title="Lausanne School">Lausanne</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">New classical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Real_business-cycle_theory" title="Real business-cycle theory">Real business-cycle theory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li>

<li><a href="Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist</a></li>

<li><a href="Stockholm_School_(economics)" title="Stockholm School (economics)">Stockholm</a></li>

<li><a href="Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Thermo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Economist" title="Economist">Economists</a><br></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bernard_de_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Mandeville">de Mandeville</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li>

<li><a href="Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen" title="Johann Heinrich von Thünen">von Thünen</a></li>

<li><a href="Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li>

<li><a href="Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Cournot</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermann_Heinrich_Gossen" title="Hermann Heinrich Gossen">Gossen</a></li>

<li><a href="L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">Jevons</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li>

<li><a href="Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Menger</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Edgeworth</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">Clark</a></li>

<li><a href="Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li>

<li><a href="Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">von Böhm-Bawerk</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">von Wieser</a></li>

<li><a href="Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li>

<li><a href="Silvio_Gesell" title="Silvio Gesell">Gesell</a></li>

<li><a href="Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Fisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">Pigou</a></li>

<li><a href="Eli_Heckscher" title="Eli Heckscher">Heckscher</a></li>

<li><a href="Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Frisch</a></li>

<li><a href="Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffa</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li>

<li><a href="Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li>

<li><a href="Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Kuznets</a></li>

<li><a href="Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a></li>

<li><a href="Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Robinson</a></li>

<li><a href="John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">Hicks</a></li>

<li><a href="Oskar_R._Lange" title="Oskar R. Lange">Lange</a></li>

<li><a href="Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Leontief</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li>

<li><a href="Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Koopmans</a></li>

<li><a href="E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">Schumacher</a></li>

<li><a href="Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon</a></li>

<li><a href="James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Arrow</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">Baumol</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Solow</a></li>

<li><a href="Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li>

<li><a href="Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Greenspan</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li>

<li><a href="Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></li>

<li><a href="Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Ostrom</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Lucas</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Stiglitz</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Thaler</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Piketty</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_economics" title="Glossary of economics">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_economists" title="List of economists">Economists</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_important_publications_in_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications</a> (<a href="List_of_economics_journals" title="List of economics journals">journals</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>Category</li>

<li><a href="Index_of_economics_articles" title="Index of economics articles">Index</a></li>

<li>Lists</li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_economics" title="Outline of economics">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_important_publications_in_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications</a></li>

<li><a href="Portal%3ABusiness" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Bates_Clark_Medal_recipients37" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><div id="John_Bates_Clark_Medal_recipients37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="John_Bates_Clark_Medal" title="John Bates Clark Medal">John Bates Clark Medal</a> recipients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a> (1949)</li>

<li><a href="Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> (1951)</li>

<li><i>No Award</i> (1953)</li>

<li><a href="James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a> (1955)</li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a> (1957)</li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a> (1959)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a> (1961)</li>

<li><a href="Hendrik_S._Houthakker" title="Hendrik S. Houthakker">Hendrik S. Houthakker</a> (1963)</li>

<li><a href="Zvi_Griliches" title="Zvi Griliches">Zvi Griliches</a> (1965)</li>

<li><a href="Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary S. Becker</a> (1967)</li>

<li><a href="Marc_Nerlove" title="Marc Nerlove">Marc Leon Nerlove</a> (1969)</li>

<li><a href="Dale_W._Jorgenson" title="Dale W. Jorgenson">Dale W. Jorgenson</a> (1971)</li>

<li><a href="Franklin_M._Fisher" title="Franklin M. Fisher">Franklin M. Fisher</a> (1973)</li>

<li><a href="Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel McFadden</a> (1975)</li>

<li><a href="Martin_Feldstein" title="Martin Feldstein">Martin S. Feldstein</a> (1977)</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph E. Stiglitz</a> (1979)</li>

<li><a href="Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence">A. Michael Spence</a> (1981)</li>

<li><a href="James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James J. Heckman</a> (1983)</li>

<li><a href="Jerry_A._Hausman" title="Jerry A. Hausman">Jerry A. Hausman</a> (1985)</li>

<li><a href="Sanford_J._Grossman" title="Sanford J. Grossman">Sanford J. Grossman</a> (1987)</li>

<li><a href="David_M._Kreps" title="David M. Kreps">David M. Kreps</a> (1989)</li>

<li><a href="Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul R. Krugman</a> (1991)</li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence H. Summers</a> (1993)</li>

<li><a href="David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> (1995)</li>

<li><a href="Kevin_M._Murphy" title="Kevin M. Murphy">Kevin M. Murphy</a> (1997)</li>

<li><a href="Andrei_Shleifer" title="Andrei Shleifer">Andrei Shleifer</a> (1999)</li>

<li><a href="Matthew_Rabin" title="Matthew Rabin">Matthew Rabin</a> (2001)</li>

<li><a href="Steven_Levitt" title="Steven Levitt">Steven Levitt</a> (2003)</li>

<li><a href="Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> (2005)</li>

<li><a href="Susan_Athey" title="Susan Athey">Susan C. Athey</a> (2007)</li>

<li><a href="Emmanuel_Saez" title="Emmanuel Saez">Emmanuel Saez</a> (2009)</li>

<li><a href="Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a> (2010)</li>

<li><a href="Jonathan_Levin_(economist)" title="Jonathan Levin (economist)">Jonathan Levin</a> (2011)</li>

<li><a href="Amy_Finkelstein" title="Amy Finkelstein">Amy Finkelstein</a> (2012)</li>

<li><a href="Raj_Chetty" title="Raj Chetty">Raj Chetty</a> (2013)</li>

<li><a href="Matthew_Gentzkow" title="Matthew Gentzkow">Matthew Gentzkow</a> (2014)</li>

<li><a href="Roland_Fryer" title="Roland Fryer">Roland Fryer</a> (2015)</li>

<li><a href="Yuliy_Sannikov" title="Yuliy Sannikov">Yuliy Sannikov</a> (2016)</li>

<li><a href="Dave_Donaldson_(economist)" title="Dave Donaldson (economist)">Dave Donaldson</a> (2017)</li>

<li><a href="Parag_Pathak" title="Parag Pathak">Parag Pathak</a> (2018)</li>

<li><a href="Emi_Nakamura" title="Emi Nakamura">Emi Nakamura</a> (2019)</li>

<li><a href="Melissa_Dell" title="Melissa Dell">Melissa Dell</a> (2020)</li>

<li><a href="Isaiah_Andrews" title="Isaiah Andrews">Isaiah Andrews</a> (2021)</li>

<li><a href="Oleg_Itskhoki" title="Oleg Itskhoki">Oleg Itskhoki</a> (2022)</li>

<li><a href="Gabriel_Zucman" title="Gabriel Zucman">Gabriel Zucman</a> (2023)</li>

<li><a href="Philipp_Strack" title="Philipp Strack">Philipp Strack</a> (2024)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences207" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Laureates_of_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences207" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences">Laureates</a> of the <a href="Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1969–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Ragnar Frisch</a> / <a href="Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John R. Hicks</a> / <a href="Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a> / <a href="Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich August von Hayek</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="Leonid_Kantorovich" title="Leonid Kantorovich">Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich</a> / <a href="Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling C. Koopmans</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Bertil Ohlin</a> / <a href="James_Meade" title="James Meade">James E. Meade</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore W. Schultz</a> / <a href="W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis">Sir Arthur Lewis</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="Richard_Stone" title="Richard Stone">Richard Stone</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan Jr.</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="Maurice_Allais" title="Maurice Allais">Maurice Allais</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="Trygve_Haavelmo" title="Trygve Haavelmo">Trygve Haavelmo</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="Harry_Markowitz" title="Harry Markowitz">Harry M. Markowitz</a> / <a href="Merton_Miller" title="Merton Miller">Merton H. Miller</a> / <a href="William_F._Sharpe" title="William F. Sharpe">William F. Sharpe</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald H. Coase</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary S. Becker</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert W. Fogel</a> / <a href="Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">Douglass C. North</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="John_Harsanyi" title="John Harsanyi">John C. Harsanyi</a> / <a href="John_Forbes_Nash_Jr." title="John Forbes Nash Jr.">John F. Nash Jr.</a> / <a href="Reinhard_Selten" title="Reinhard Selten">Reinhard Selten</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert E. Lucas Jr.</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="James_Mirrlees" title="James Mirrlees">James A. Mirrlees</a> / <a href="William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="Robert_C._Merton" title="Robert C. Merton">Robert C. Merton</a> / <a href="Myron_Scholes" title="Myron Scholes">Myron S. Scholes</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="Robert_Mundell" title="Robert Mundell">Robert A. Mundell</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James J. Heckman</a> / <a href="Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel L. McFadden</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George A. Akerlof</a> / <a href="Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence">A. Michael Spence</a> / <a href="Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph E. Stiglitz</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a> / <a href="Vernon_L._Smith" title="Vernon L. Smith">Vernon L. Smith</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="Robert_F._Engle" title="Robert F. Engle">Robert F. Engle III</a> / <a href="Clive_Granger" title="Clive Granger">Clive W.J. Granger</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="Finn_E._Kydland" title="Finn E. Kydland">Finn E. Kydland</a> / <a href="Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="Robert_Aumann" title="Robert Aumann">Robert J. Aumann</a> / <a href="Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas C. Schelling</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Edmund S. Phelps</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a> / <a href="Eric_Maskin" title="Eric Maskin">Eric S. Maskin</a> / <a href="Roger_Myerson" title="Roger Myerson">Roger B. Myerson</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a> / <a href="Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter A. Diamond</a> / <a href="Dale_T._Mortensen" title="Dale T. Mortensen">Dale T. Mortensen</a> / <a href="Christopher_A._Pissarides" title="Christopher A. Pissarides">Christopher A. Pissarides</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a> / <a href="Christopher_A._Sims" title="Christopher A. Sims">Christopher A. Sims</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="Alvin_E._Roth" title="Alvin E. Roth">Alvin E. Roth</a> / <a href="Lloyd_Shapley" title="Lloyd Shapley">Lloyd S. Shapley</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="Eugene_Fama" title="Eugene Fama">Eugene F. Fama</a> / <a href="Lars_Peter_Hansen" title="Lars Peter Hansen">Lars Peter Hansen</a> / <a href="Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert J. Shiller</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Jean Tirole</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Angus Deaton</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="Oliver_Hart_(economist)" title="Oliver Hart (economist)">Oliver Hart</a> / <a href="Bengt_Holmstr%C3%B6m" title="Bengt Holmström">Bengt Holmström</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard H. Thaler</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a> / <a href="Paul_Romer" title="Paul Romer">Paul Romer</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2019_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2019</a>: <a href="Abhijit_Banerjee" title="Abhijit Banerjee">Abhijit Banerjee</a> / <a href="Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a> / <a href="Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer">Michael Kremer</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2020_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2020 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2020</a>: <a href="Paul_Milgrom" title="Paul Milgrom">Paul Milgrom</a> / <a href="Robert_B._Wilson" title="Robert B. Wilson">Robert B. Wilson</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2021_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2021 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2021</a>: <a href="David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> / <a href="Joshua_Angrist" title="Joshua Angrist">Joshua Angrist</a> / <a href="Guido_Imbens" title="Guido Imbens">Guido Imbens</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2022_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2022 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2022</a>: <a href="Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> / <a href="Douglas_Diamond" title="Douglas Diamond">Douglas Diamond</a> / <a href="Philip_H._Dybvig" title="Philip H. Dybvig">Philip H. Dybvig</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2023_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2023 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2023</a>: <a href="Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> / <a href="Simon_Johnson_(economist)" title="Simon Johnson (economist)">Simon Johnson</a> / <a href="James_A._Robinson" title="James A. Robinson">James A. Robinson</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1970_Nobel_Prize_laureates947" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1970_Nobel_Prize_laureates947" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970 <a href="Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Luis_Federico_Leloir" title="Luis Federico Leloir">Luis Federico Leloir</a> (Argentina)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="1970_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1970 Nobel Prize in Literature">1970</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> (Soviet Union)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> (<a href="1970_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1970 Nobel Peace Prize">1970</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a> (United States)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Hannes Alfvén</a> (Sweden)</li>

<li><a href="Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Louis Néel</a> (France)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a> (United States)</li>

<li><a href="Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a> (Sweden)</li>

<li><a href="Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li> (United States)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_National_Medal_of_Science_laureates225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="United_States_National_Medal_of_Science_laureates225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">United States National Medal of Science</a> <a href="Laureate" title="Laureate">laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Behavioral_and_social_science225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Behavioral and social science</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dd><a href="Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal Elgar Miller</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dd><a href="Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Anne_Anastasi" title="Anne Anastasi">Anne Anastasi</a></dd>

<dd><a href="George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dd><a href="Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Patrick_Suppes" title="Patrick Suppes">Patrick Suppes</a></dd>

<dd><a href="George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Eleanor_J._Gibson" title="Eleanor J. Gibson">Eleanor J. Gibson</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Robert K. Merton</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger N. Shepard</a></dd>

<dd><a href="William_Kaye_Estes" title="William Kaye Estes">William K. Estes</a></dd>

<dd><a href="William_Julius_Wilson" title="William Julius Wilson">William Julius Wilson</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dd><a href="Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary Becker</a></dd>

<dd><a href="R._Duncan_Luce" title="R. Duncan Luce">R. Duncan Luce</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Gordon_H._Bower" title="Gordon H. Bower">Gordon H. Bower</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Michael_Posner_(psychologist)" title="Michael Posner (psychologist)">Michael I. Posner</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Mortimer_Mishkin" title="Mortimer Mishkin">Mortimer Mishkin</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dd><a href="Anne_Treisman" title="Anne Treisman">Anne Treisman</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Robert_Axelrod_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Axelrod (political scientist)">Robert Axelrod</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dd><a href="Shelley_E._Taylor" title="Shelley E. Taylor">Shelley E. Taylor</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Larry_Bartels" title="Larry Bartels">Larry Bartels</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Biological_sciences225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Biological sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dd><a href="Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall W. Nirenberg</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis P. Rous</a></dd>

<dd><a href="George_Gaylord_Simpson" title="George Gaylord Simpson">George G. Simpson</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Donald_Van_Slyke" title="Donald Van Slyke">Donald D. Van Slyke</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Edward_F._Knipling" title="Edward F. Knipling">Edward F. Knipling</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Albert Lipmann</a></dd>

<dd><a href="William_Cumming_Rose" title="William Cumming Rose">William C. Rose</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sewall_Wright" title="Sewall Wright">Sewall Wright</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Kenneth_Stewart_Cole" title="Kenneth Stewart Cole">Kenneth S. Cole</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry F. Harlow</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Michael_Heidelberger" title="Michael Heidelberger">Michael Heidelberger</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Alfred_Sturtevant" title="Alfred Sturtevant">Alfred H. Sturtevant</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Horace_Barker" title="Horace Barker">Horace Barker</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Bernard_Brodie_(biochemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Brodie (biochemist)">Bernard B. Brodie</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Detlev_Bronk" title="Detlev Bronk">Detlev W. Bronk</a></dd>

<dd><a href="B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Burrhus Frederic Skinner</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Robert_Huebner" title="Robert Huebner">Robert Huebner</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Ernst Mayr</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dd><a href="Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Albert_Sabin" title="Albert Sabin">Albert B. Sabin</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Daniel_I._Arnon" title="Daniel I. Arnon">Daniel I. Arnon</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Earl_W._Sutherland_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Earl W. Sutherland Jr.">Earl W. Sutherland Jr.</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Britton_Chance" title="Britton Chance">Britton Chance</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Erwin_Chargaff" title="Erwin Chargaff">Erwin Chargaff</a></dd>

<dd><a href="James_V._Neel" title="James V. Neel">James V. Neel</a></dd>

<dd><a href="James_Augustine_Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="James Augustine Shannon">James Augustine Shannon</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Hallowell_Davis" title="Hallowell Davis">Hallowell Davis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Paul_Gyorgy" title="Paul Gyorgy">Paul Gyorgy</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sterling_B._Hendricks" title="Sterling B. Hendricks">Sterling B. Hendricks</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Orville_Vogel" title="Orville Vogel">Orville Alvin Vogel</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Keith_Roberts_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Keith Roberts Porter">Keith Roberts Porter</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Efraim_Racker" title="Efraim Racker">Efraim Racker</a></dd>

<dd><a href="E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Robert_H._Burris" title="Robert H. Burris">Robert H. Burris</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Elizabeth_C._Crosby" title="Elizabeth C. Crosby">Elizabeth C. Crosby</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Earl_Reece_Stadtman" title="Earl Reece Stadtman">Earl Reece Stadtman</a></dd>

<dd><a href="G._Ledyard_Stebbins" title="G. Ledyard Stebbins">George Ledyard Stebbins</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Paul_Alfred_Weiss" title="Paul Alfred Weiss">Paul Alfred Weiss</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dd><a href="Philip_Handler" title="Philip Handler">Philip Handler</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Seymour_Benzer" title="Seymour Benzer">Seymour Benzer</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Glenn_W._Burton" title="Glenn W. Burton">Glenn W. Burton</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Howard_Bachrach" title="Howard Bachrach">Howard L. Bachrach</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Wendell_L._Roelofs" title="Wendell L. Roelofs">Wendell L. Roelofs</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Berta_Scharrer" title="Berta Scharrer">Berta Scharrer</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Donald_Henderson" title="Donald Henderson">Donald A. Henderson</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Vernon_Mountcastle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernon Mountcastle">Vernon B. Mountcastle</a></dd>

<dd><a href="George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Emil Palade</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Joan_A._Steitz" title="Joan A. Steitz">Joan A. Steitz</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Michael_E._DeBakey" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael E. DeBakey">Michael E. DeBakey</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Theodor_O._Diener" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor O. Diener">Theodor O. Diener</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Harry_Eagle" title="Harry Eagle">Harry Eagle</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Michael_S._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael S. Brown">Michael S. Brown</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Stanley_Norman_Cohen" title="Stanley Norman Cohen">Stanley Norman Cohen</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice R. Hilleman</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric R. Kandel</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Sussman Yalow</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Katherine_Esau" title="Katherine Esau">Katherine Esau</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Viktor_Hamburger" title="Viktor Hamburger">Viktor Hamburger</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Philip_Leder" title="Philip Leder">Philip Leder</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Roger_W._Sperry" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger W. Sperry">Roger W. Sperry</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Harland_G._Wood" title="Harland G. Wood">Harland G. Wood</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dd><a href="Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Herbert_W._Boyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert W. Boyer">Herbert W. Boyer</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Daniel_E._Koshland_Jr." title="Daniel E. Koshland Jr.">Daniel E. Koshland Jr.</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="David_G._Nathan" title="David G. Nathan">David G. Nathan</a></dd>

<dd><a href="E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Mary_Ellen_Avery" title="Mary Ellen Avery">Mary Ellen Avery</a></dd>

<dd><a href="G._Evelyn_Hutchinson" title="G. Evelyn Hutchinson">G. Evelyn Hutchinson</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Elvin_A._Kabat" title="Elvin A. Kabat">Elvin A. Kabat</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Robert_Kates" title="Robert Kates">Robert W. Kates</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Paul_Marks_(scientist)" title="Paul Marks (scientist)">Paul A. Marks</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Folke_K._Skoog" title="Folke K. Skoog">Folke K. Skoog</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Paul_C._Zamecnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. Zamecnik">Paul C. Zamecnik</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Maxine_Singer" title="Maxine Singer">Maxine Singer</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Martin Temin</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Salome_G._Waelsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Salome G. Waelsch">Salome G. Waelsch</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Thomas_Eisner" title="Thomas Eisner">Thomas Eisner</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Elizabeth_F._Neufeld" title="Elizabeth F. Neufeld">Elizabeth F. Neufeld</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Alexander_Rich" title="Alexander Rich">Alexander Rich</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></dd>

<dd><a href="James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Robert_A._Weinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Weinberg">Robert A. Weinberg</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Bruce_Ames" title="Bruce Ames">Bruce Ames</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></dd>

<dd><a href="David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dd><a href="Nancy_C._Andreasen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy C. Andreasen">Nancy C. Andreasen</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Peter_H._Raven" title="Peter H. Raven">Peter H. Raven</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a></dd>

<dd><a href="George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George F. Bass</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Mario_R._Capecchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario R. Capecchi">Mario R. Capecchi</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ann_Graybiel" title="Ann Graybiel">Ann Graybiel</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Gene_Likens" title="Gene Likens">Gene E. Likens</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Victor_A._McKusick" title="Victor A. McKusick">Victor A. McKusick</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Harold_Varmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Varmus">Harold Varmus</a></dd>

<dd><a href="James_E._Darnell" title="James E. Darnell">James E. Darnell</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Evelyn_M._Witkin" title="Evelyn M. Witkin">Evelyn M. Witkin</a></dd>

<dd><a href="J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Solomon_H._Snyder" title="Solomon H. Snyder">Solomon H. Snyder</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Charles_Yanofsky" title="Charles Yanofsky">Charles Yanofsky</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman E. Borlaug</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Phillip_A._Sharp" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip A. Sharp">Phillip A. Sharp</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Thomas_Starzl" title="Thomas Starzl">Thomas E. Starzl</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Torsten_N._Wiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Torsten N. Wiesel">Torsten N. Wiesel</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita R. Colwell</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Nina_Fedoroff" title="Nina Fedoroff">Nina Fedoroff</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Lubert_Stryer" title="Lubert Stryer">Lubert Stryer</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert J. Lefkowitz</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Bert_W._O'Malley" title="Bert W. O'Malley">Bert W. O'Malley</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis S. Collins</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Elaine_Fuchs" title="Elaine Fuchs">Elaine Fuchs</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Craig_Venter" title="Craig Venter">J. Craig Venter</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Susan_L._Lindquist" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan L. Lindquist">Susan L. Lindquist</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dd><a href="Ralph_L._Brinster" title="Ralph L. Brinster">Ralph L. Brinster</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Rudolf_Jaenisch" title="Rudolf Jaenisch">Rudolf Jaenisch</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Lucy_Shapiro" title="Lucy Shapiro">Lucy Shapiro</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Leroy_Hood" title="Leroy Hood">Leroy Hood</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sallie_Chisholm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sallie Chisholm">Sallie Chisholm</a></dd>

<dd><a href="May_Berenbaum" title="May Berenbaum">May Berenbaum</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Bruce_Alberts" title="Bruce Alberts">Bruce Alberts</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Rakesh_K._Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakesh K. Jain">Rakesh K. Jain</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Stanley_Falkow" title="Stanley Falkow">Stanley Falkow</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Mary-Claire_King" title="Mary-Claire King">Mary-Claire King</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Simon_Levin" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Levin">Simon Levin</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dd><a href="Gebisa_Ejeta" title="Gebisa Ejeta">Gebisa Ejeta</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Eve_Marder" title="Eve Marder">Eve Marder</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Gregory_Petsko" title="Gregory Petsko">Gregory Petsko</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sheldon_Weinbaum" title="Sheldon Weinbaum">Sheldon Weinbaum</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Bonnie_Bassler" title="Bonnie Bassler">Bonnie Bassler</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Angela_Belcher" title="Angela Belcher">Angela Belcher</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Helen_Blau" title="Helen Blau">Helen Blau</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Emery_N._Brown" title="Emery N. Brown">Emery N. Brown</a></dd>

<dd><a href="G._David_Tilman" title="G. David Tilman">G. David Tilman</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Teresa_Woodruff" title="Teresa Woodruff">Teresa Woodruff</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Chemistry225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chemistry</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dd><a href="Roger_Adams" title="Roger Adams">Roger Adams</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="F._Albert_Cotton" title="F. Albert Cotton">F. Albert Cotton</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Gilbert_Stork" title="Gilbert Stork">Gilbert Stork</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a></dd>

<dd><a href="George_C._Pimentel" title="George C. Pimentel">George C. Pimentel</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Richard_N._Zare" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard N. Zare">Richard N. Zare</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Harry_B._Gray" title="Harry B. Gray">Harry B. Gray</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Carl_S._Marvel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl S. Marvel">Carl S. Marvel</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Frank_H._Westheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank H. Westheimer">Frank H. Westheimer</a></dd>

<dd><a href="William_Summer_Johnson" title="William Summer Johnson">William S. Johnson</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Walter_H._Stockmayer" title="Walter H. Stockmayer">Walter H. Stockmayer</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Max_Tishler" title="Max Tishler">Max Tishler</a></dd>

<dd><a href="William_O._Baker" title="William O. Baker">William O. Baker</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Konrad_E._Bloch" class="mw-redirect" title="Konrad E. Bloch">Konrad E. Bloch</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Elias_J._Corey" class="mw-redirect" title="Elias J. Corey">Elias J. Corey</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Richard_Barry_Bernstein" title="Richard Barry Bernstein">Richard B. Bernstein</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Harden_M._McConnell" title="Harden M. McConnell">Harden M. McConnell</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="Elkan_Blout" title="Elkan Blout">Elkan Blout</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Karl_August_Folkers" title="Karl August Folkers">Karl Folkers</a></dd>

<dd><a href="John_D._Roberts" title="John D. Roberts">John D. Roberts</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ronald_Breslow" title="Ronald Breslow">Ronald Breslow</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Howard_Ensign_Simmons_Jr." title="Howard Ensign Simmons Jr.">Howard E. Simmons Jr.</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Norman_Hackerman" title="Norman Hackerman">Norman Hackerman</a></dd>

<dd><a href="George_S._Hammond" title="George S. Hammond">George S. Hammond</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Isabella_L._Karle" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella L. Karle">Isabella L. Karle</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Norman_Davidson_(biologist)" title="Norman Davidson (biologist)">Norman Davidson</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Darleane_C._Hoffman" title="Darleane C. Hoffman">Darleane C. Hoffman</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Harold_S._Johnston" title="Harold S. Johnston">Harold S. Johnston</a></dd>

<dd><a href="George_M._Whitesides" title="George M. Whitesides">George M. Whitesides</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Stuart_A._Rice" title="Stuart A. Rice">Stuart A. Rice</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="John_D._Baldeschwieler" title="John D. Baldeschwieler">John D. Baldeschwieler</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ralph_F._Hirschmann" title="Ralph F. Hirschmann">Ralph F. Hirschmann</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ernest_R._Davidson" title="Ernest R. Davidson">Ernest R. Davidson</a></dd>

<dd><a href="G%C3%A1bor_A._Somorjai" title="Gábor A. Somorjai">Gábor A. Somorjai</a></dd>

<dd><a href="John_I._Brauman" class="mw-redirect" title="John I. Brauman">John I. Brauman</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Stephen_J._Lippard" title="Stephen J. Lippard">Stephen J. Lippard</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Tobin_J._Marks" title="Tobin J. Marks">Tobin J. Marks</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Marvin_H._Caruthers" title="Marvin H. Caruthers">Marvin H. Caruthers</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Peter_Dervan" title="Peter Dervan">Peter B. Dervan</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Mostafa_El-Sayed" title="Mostafa El-Sayed">Mostafa A. El-Sayed</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Joanna_Fowler" title="Joanna Fowler">Joanna Fowler</a></dd>

<dd><a href="JoAnne_Stubbe" title="JoAnne Stubbe">JoAnne Stubbe</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Stephen_J._Benkovic" title="Stephen J. Benkovic">Stephen J. Benkovic</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Marye_Anne_Fox" title="Marye Anne Fox">Marye Anne Fox</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="Jacqueline_K._Barton" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline K. Barton">Jacqueline K. Barton</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Peter_J._Stang" title="Peter J. Stang">Peter J. Stang</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Allen_J._Bard" title="Allen J. Bard">Allen J. Bard</a></dd>

<dd><a href="M._Frederick_Hawthorne" title="M. Frederick Hawthorne">M. Frederick Hawthorne</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Judith_P._Klinman" class="mw-redirect" title="Judith P. Klinman">Judith P. Klinman</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Jerrold_Meinwald" title="Jerrold Meinwald">Jerrold Meinwald</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Geraldine_L._Richmond" title="Geraldine L. Richmond">Geraldine L. Richmond</a></dd>

<dd><a href="A._Paul_Alivisatos" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Paul Alivisatos">A. Paul Alivisatos</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Richard_Lawrence_Edwards" title="Richard Lawrence Edwards">R. Lawrence Edwards</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Engineering_sciences225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Engineering sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dd><a href="Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></dd>

<dd><a href="John_Robinson_Pierce" class="mw-redirect" title="John Robinson Pierce">John Robinson Pierce</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Charles_S._Draper" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles S. Draper">Charles S. Draper</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Othmar_Ammann" title="Othmar Ammann">Othmar H. Ammann</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Hugh_L._Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh L. Dryden">Hugh L. Dryden</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Clarence_L._Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence L. Johnson">Clarence L. Johnson</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Warren_K._Lewis" title="Warren K. Lewis">Warren K. Lewis</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Claude_E._Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude E. Shannon">Claude E. Shannon</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Edwin_H._Land" title="Edwin H. Land">Edwin H. Land</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Igor_I._Sikorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor I. Sikorsky">Igor I. Sikorsky</a></dd>

<dd><a href="J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Nathan_M._Newmark" title="Nathan M. Newmark">Nathan M. Newmark</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Jack_St._Clair_Kilby" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack St. Clair Kilby">Jack St. Clair Kilby</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="George_E._Mueller" class="mw-redirect" title="George E. Mueller">George E. Mueller</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Harold_E._Edgerton" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold E. Edgerton">Harold E. Edgerton</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Richard_T._Whitcomb" title="Richard T. Whitcomb">Richard T. Whitcomb</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Rudolf_Kompfner" title="Rudolf Kompfner">Rudolf Kompfner</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ralph_Brazelton_Peck" title="Ralph Brazelton Peck">Ralph Brazelton Peck</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Abel_Wolman" title="Abel Wolman">Abel Wolman</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Manson_Benedict" title="Manson Benedict">Manson Benedict</a></dd>

<dd><a href="William_Hayward_Pickering" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hayward Pickering">William Hayward Pickering</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Frederick_Terman" title="Frederick Terman">Frederick E. Terman</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Morris_Cohen_(scientist)" title="Morris Cohen (scientist)">Morris Cohen</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Peter_C._Goldmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Goldmark">Peter C. Goldmark</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Erwin_Wilhelm_M%C3%BCller" title="Erwin Wilhelm Müller">Erwin Wilhelm Müller</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Emmett_N._Leith" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmett N. Leith">Emmett N. Leith</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Raymond_D._Mindlin" title="Raymond D. Mindlin">Raymond D. Mindlin</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Robert_N._Noyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert N. Noyce">Robert N. Noyce</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Earl_R._Parker" title="Earl R. Parker">Earl R. Parker</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="Edward_H._Heinemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward H. Heinemann">Edward H. Heinemann</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Donald_L._Katz" title="Donald L. Katz">Donald L. Katz</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Bill_Hewlett" title="Bill Hewlett">Bill Hewlett</a></dd>

<dd><a href="George_Low" title="George Low">George Low</a></dd>

<dd><a href="John_G._Trump" title="John G. Trump">John G. Trump</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Hans_Wolfgang_Liepmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Wolfgang Liepmann">Hans Wolfgang Liepmann</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Bernard_M._Oliver" title="Bernard M. Oliver">Bernard M. Oliver</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Robert_Byron_Bird" title="Robert Byron Bird">Robert Byron Bird</a></dd>

<dd><a href="H._Bolton_Seed" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Bolton Seed">H. Bolton Seed</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ernst_Weber_(engineer)" title="Ernst Weber (engineer)">Ernst Weber</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Daniel_C._Drucker" title="Daniel C. Drucker">Daniel C. Drucker</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Willis_M._Hawkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis M. Hawkins">Willis M. Hawkins</a></dd>

<dd><a href="George_W._Housner" title="George W. Housner">George W. Housner</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Harry_George_Drickamer" title="Harry George Drickamer">Harry George Drickamer</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Herbert_E._Grier" title="Herbert E. Grier">Herbert E. Grier</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Nick_Holonyak_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Holonyak Jr.">Nick Holonyak Jr.</a></dd>

<dd><a href="George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Luna_B._Leopold" class="mw-redirect" title="Luna B. Leopold">Luna B. Leopold</a></dd>

<dd><a href="H._Guyford_Stever" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Guyford Stever">H. Guyford Stever</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Calvin_F._Quate" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvin F. Quate">Calvin F. Quate</a></dd>

<dd><a href="John_Roy_Whinnery" title="John Roy Whinnery">John Roy Whinnery</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Alfred_Y._Cho" title="Alfred Y. Cho">Alfred Y. Cho</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ray_W._Clough" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray W. Clough">Ray W. Clough</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Hermann_A._Haus" title="Hermann A. Haus">Hermann A. Haus</a></dd>

<dd><a href="James_L._Flanagan" title="James L. Flanagan">James L. Flanagan</a></dd>

<dd><a href="C._Kumar_N._Patel" title="C. Kumar N. Patel">C. Kumar N. Patel</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Eli_Ruckenstein" title="Eli Ruckenstein">Eli Ruckenstein</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Kenneth_N._Stevens" title="Kenneth N. Stevens">Kenneth N. Stevens</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="Yuan-Cheng_Fung" title="Yuan-Cheng Fung">Yuan-Cheng B. Fung</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Andreas_Acrivos" title="Andreas Acrivos">Andreas Acrivos</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Leo_Beranek" title="Leo Beranek">Leo Beranek</a></dd>

<dd><a href="John_Prausnitz" title="John Prausnitz">John M. Prausnitz</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Edwin_N._Lightfoot" title="Edwin N. Lightfoot">Edwin N. Lightfoot</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Jan_D._Achenbach" title="Jan D. Achenbach">Jan D. Achenbach</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a></dd>

<dd><a href="David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">David J. Wineland</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Rudolf_E._K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n" title="Rudolf E. Kálmán">Rudolf E. Kálmán</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Amnon_Yariv" title="Amnon Yariv">Amnon Yariv</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="Shu_Chien" title="Shu Chien">Shu Chien</a></dd>

<dd><a href="John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Thomas_Kailath" title="Thomas Kailath">Thomas Kailath</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="Subra_Suresh" title="Subra Suresh">Subra Suresh</a></dd>

<dd><a href="John_Dabiri" title="John Dabiri">John Dabiri</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mathematical,_statistical,_and_computer_sciences225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dd><a href="Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Solomon_Lefschetz" title="Solomon Lefschetz">Solomon Lefschetz</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Marston_Morse" title="Marston Morse">H. Marston Morse</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Oscar_Zariski" title="Oscar Zariski">Oscar Zariski</a></dd>

<dd><a href="John_Milnor" title="John Milnor">John Milnor</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Paul_Cohen" title="Paul Cohen">Paul Cohen</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Jerzy_Neyman" title="Jerzy Neyman">Jerzy Neyman</a></dd>

<dd><a href="William_Feller" title="William Feller">William Feller</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="Richard_Brauer" title="Richard Brauer">Richard Brauer</a></dd>

<dd><a href="John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></dd>

<dd><a href="John_W._Backus" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Backus">John W. Backus</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a></dd>

<dd><a href="George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Kurt_O._Friedrichs" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt O. Friedrichs">Kurt Otto Friedrichs</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Hassler_Whitney" title="Hassler Whitney">Hassler Whitney</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Joseph_L._Doob" title="Joseph L. Doob">Joseph L. Doob</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald E. Knuth</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="Marshall_H._Stone" title="Marshall H. Stone">Marshall H. Stone</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Herman_Goldstine" title="Herman Goldstine">Herman Goldstine</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Isadore_Singer" title="Isadore Singer">Isadore Singer</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Peter_Lax" title="Peter Lax">Peter Lax</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Antoni_Zygmund" title="Antoni Zygmund">Antoni Zygmund</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Raoul_Bott" title="Raoul Bott">Raoul Bott</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Michael_Freedman" title="Michael Freedman">Michael Freedman</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ralph_E._Gomory" title="Ralph E. Gomory">Ralph E. Gomory</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Joseph_B._Keller" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph B. Keller">Joseph B. Keller</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Samuel_Karlin" title="Samuel Karlin">Samuel Karlin</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Saunders_Mac_Lane" title="Saunders Mac Lane">Saunders Mac Lane</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Donald_C._Spencer" title="Donald C. Spencer">Donald C. Spencer</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="George_F._Carrier" title="George F. Carrier">George F. Carrier</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Stephen_Cole_Kleene" title="Stephen Cole Kleene">Stephen Cole Kleene</a></dd>

<dd><a href="John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Alberto_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Alberto Calderón">Alberto Calderón</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Martin_David_Kruskal" title="Martin David Kruskal">Martin David Kruskal</a></dd>

<dd><a href="John_Cocke_(computer_scientist)" title="John Cocke (computer scientist)">John Cocke</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Louis_Nirenberg" title="Louis Nirenberg">Louis Nirenberg</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Richard_Karp" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Karp">Richard Karp</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Stephen_Smale" title="Stephen Smale">Stephen Smale</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Shing-Tung Yau</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Cathleen_Synge_Morawetz" title="Cathleen Synge Morawetz">Cathleen Synge Morawetz</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Felix_Browder" title="Felix Browder">Felix Browder</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ronald_Coifman" title="Ronald Coifman">Ronald R. Coifman</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="John_Griggs_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Griggs Thompson">John Griggs Thompson</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Karen_Uhlenbeck" title="Karen Uhlenbeck">Karen Uhlenbeck</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Calyampudi_Radhakrishna_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao">Calyampudi R. Rao</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Elias_M._Stein" title="Elias M. Stein">Elias M. Stein</a></dd>

<dd><a href="James_Glimm" title="James Glimm">James G. Glimm</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Dennis_Sullivan" title="Dennis Sullivan">Dennis P. Sullivan</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Bradley_Efron" title="Bradley Efron">Bradley Efron</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Hyman_Bass" title="Hyman Bass">Hyman Bass</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew J. Viterbi</a></dd>

<dd><a href="David_B._Mumford" class="mw-redirect" title="David B. Mumford">David B. Mumford</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="Richard_A._Tapia" title="Richard A. Tapia">Richard A. Tapia</a></dd>

<dd><a href="S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Solomon_W._Golomb" title="Solomon W. Golomb">Solomon W. Golomb</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Barry_Mazur" title="Barry Mazur">Barry Mazur</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Alexandre_Chorin" title="Alexandre Chorin">Alexandre Chorin</a></dd>

<dd><a href="David_Blackwell" title="David Blackwell">David Blackwell</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Michael_Artin" title="Michael Artin">Michael Artin</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="Ingrid_Daubechies" title="Ingrid Daubechies">Ingrid Daubechies</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Cynthia_Dwork" title="Cynthia Dwork">Cynthia Dwork</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physical_sciences225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physical sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dd><a href="Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis W. Alvarez</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a></dd>

<dd><a href="John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon M. Lederman</a></dd>

<dd><a href="William_Rubey" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rubey">William Rubey</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Jacob_Bjerknes" title="Jacob Bjerknes">Jacob Bjerknes</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Henry_Eyring_(chemist)" title="Henry Eyring (chemist)">Henry Eyring</a></dd>

<dd><a href="John_H._Van_Vleck" class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Van Vleck">John H. Van Vleck</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Jesse_Beams" title="Jesse Beams">Jesse Beams</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Francis_Birch_(geophysicist)" title="Francis Birch (geophysicist)">Francis Birch</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Gregory_Breit" title="Gregory Breit">Gregory Breit</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Louis_Hammett" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Hammett">Louis Hammett</a></dd>

<dd><a href="George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Paul_Doughty_Bartlett" title="Paul Doughty Bartlett">Paul Bartlett</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Herbert_Friedman" title="Herbert Friedman">Herbert Friedman</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Wolfgang_Panofsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang Panofsky">Wolfgang Panofsky</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="Robert_H._Dicke" title="Robert H. Dicke">Robert H. Dicke</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Allan_R._Sandage" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan R. Sandage">Allan R. Sandage</a></dd>

<dd><a href="John_C._Slater" title="John C. Slater">John C. Slater</a></dd>

<dd><a href="John_A._Wheeler" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Wheeler">John A. Wheeler</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Saul_Winstein" title="Saul Winstein">Saul Winstein</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Maurice_Ewing" title="Maurice Ewing">Maurice Ewing</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Arie_Jan_Haagen-Smit" title="Arie Jan Haagen-Smit">Arie Jan Haagen-Smit</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Vladimir_Haensel" title="Vladimir Haensel">Vladimir Haensel</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Robert_Rathbun_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Rathbun Wilson">Robert Rathbun Wilson</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a></dd>

<dd><a href="William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William Alfred Fowler</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Linus_Carl_Pauling" class="mw-redirect" title="Linus Carl Pauling">Linus Carl Pauling</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Kenneth_Sanborn_Pitzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer">Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Hans_A._Bethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans A. Bethe">Hans A. Bethe</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Joseph_O._Hirschfelder" title="Joseph O. Hirschfelder">Joseph O. Hirschfelder</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Lewis_Sarett" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Sarett">Lewis Sarett</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Edgar_Bright_Wilson" title="Edgar Bright Wilson">Edgar Bright Wilson</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit">Samuel Goudsmit</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Herbert_S._Gutowsky" title="Herbert S. Gutowsky">Herbert S. Gutowsky</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Frederick_Rossini" title="Frederick Rossini">Frederick Rossini</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Verner_Suomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Verner Suomi">Verner Suomi</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></dd>

<dd><a href="George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">George Uhlenbeck</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Richard_P._Feynman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard P. Feynman">Richard P. Feynman</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Herman_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman Mark">Herman Mark</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Edward_M._Purcell" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward M. Purcell">Edward M. Purcell</a></dd>

<dd><a href="John_Sinfelt" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sinfelt">John Sinfelt</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Victor_F._Weisskopf" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Weisskopf">Victor F. Weisskopf</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="Philip_Warren_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Philip W. Anderson</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a></dd>

<dd><a href="E._Margaret_Burbidge" class="mw-redirect" title="E. Margaret Burbidge">E. Margaret Burbidge</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Helmut_Landsberg" title="Helmut Landsberg">Helmut Landsberg</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Walter_Munk" title="Walter Munk">Walter Munk</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Bruno_B._Rossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruno B. Rossi">Bruno B. Rossi</a></dd>

<dd><a href="J._Robert_Schrieffer" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Robert Schrieffer">J. Robert Schrieffer</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Solomon_J._Buchsbaum" title="Solomon J. Buchsbaum">Solomon J. Buchsbaum</a></dd>

<dd><a href="H._Richard_Crane" title="H. Richard Crane">H. Richard Crane</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">Herman Feshbach</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Robert Hofstadter</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Philip_Abelson" title="Philip Abelson">Philip Abelson</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Walter_Elsasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Elsasser">Walter Elsasser</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Paul_C._Lauterbur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. Lauterbur">Paul C. Lauterbur</a></dd>

<dd><a href="George_Pake" title="George Pake">George Pake</a></dd>

<dd><a href="James_A._Van_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Van Allen">James A. Van Allen</a></dd>

<dd><a href="D._Allan_Bromley" title="D. Allan Bromley">D. Allan Bromley</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Chu_Ching-wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu Ching-wu">Paul Ching-Wu Chu</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Arnold_O._Beckman" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold O. Beckman">Arnold O. Beckman</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Eugene Parker</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Robert_P._Sharp" title="Robert P. Sharp">Robert Sharp</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Henry_Stommel" title="Henry Stommel">Henry Stommel</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="Allan_McLeod_Cormack" class="mw-redirect" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Allan M. Cormack</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Edwin_M._McMillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. McMillan">Edwin M. McMillan</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Robert_Pound" title="Robert Pound">Robert Pound</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Roger_Revelle" title="Roger Revelle">Roger Revelle</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Arthur_L._Schawlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur L. Schawlow">Arthur L. Schawlow</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Edward_C._Stone" title="Edward C. Stone">Ed Stone</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Eugene_M._Shoemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene M. Shoemaker">Eugene M. Shoemaker</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Vera Rubin</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Albert_Overhauser" title="Albert Overhauser">Albert Overhauser</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Frank_Press" title="Frank Press">Frank Press</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Hans_Dehmelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Dehmelt">Hans Dehmelt</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Peter_Goldreich" title="Peter Goldreich">Peter Goldreich</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Wallace_S._Broecker" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace S. Broecker">Wallace S. Broecker</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Marshall_Rosenbluth" title="Marshall Rosenbluth">Marshall Rosenbluth</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Martin_Schwarzschild" title="Martin Schwarzschild">Martin Schwarzschild</a></dd>

<dd><a href="George_Wetherill" title="George Wetherill">George Wetherill</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Don_L._Anderson" title="Don L. Anderson">Don L. Anderson</a></dd>

<dd><a href="John_N._Bahcall" title="John N. Bahcall">John N. Bahcall</a></dd>

<dd><a href="James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">James Cronin</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="Willis_E._Lamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis E. Lamb">Willis E. Lamb</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Jeremiah_P._Ostriker" title="Jeremiah P. Ostriker">Jeremiah P. Ostriker</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Gilbert_F._White" title="Gilbert F. White">Gilbert F. White</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Marvin_L._Cohen" title="Marvin L. Cohen">Marvin L. Cohen</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Charles_Keeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Keeling">Charles Keeling</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Richard_Garwin" title="Richard Garwin">Richard Garwin</a></dd>

<dd><a href="W._Jason_Morgan" title="W. Jason Morgan">W. Jason Morgan</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Edward Witten</a></dd>

<dd><a href="G._Brent_Dalrymple" class="mw-redirect" title="G. Brent Dalrymple">G. Brent Dalrymple</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Robert_N._Clayton" title="Robert N. Clayton">Robert N. Clayton</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Ralph_A._Alpher" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph A. Alpher">Ralph A. Alpher</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Lonnie_Thompson" title="Lonnie Thompson">Lonnie Thompson</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Daniel_Kleppner" title="Daniel Kleppner">Daniel Kleppner</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Fay_Ajzenberg-Selove" title="Fay Ajzenberg-Selove">Fay Ajzenberg-Selove</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Charles_Pence_Slichter" title="Charles Pence Slichter">Charles P. Slichter</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Berni_Alder" title="Berni Alder">Berni Alder</a></dd>

<dd><a href="James_E._Gunn_(astronomer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James E. Gunn (astronomer)">James E. Gunn</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Yakir Aharonov</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Esther_M._Conwell" title="Esther M. Conwell">Esther M. Conwell</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Warren_M._Washington" title="Warren M. Washington">Warren M. Washington</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="Sidney_Drell" title="Sidney Drell">Sidney Drell</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sandra_Faber" title="Sandra Faber">Sandra Faber</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sylvester_James_Gates" title="Sylvester James Gates">Sylvester James Gates</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Sean_Solomon" title="Sean Solomon">Sean C. Solomon</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></dd></dl>

<dd><a href="Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barry Barish</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Myriam_Sarachik" title="Myriam Sarachik">Myriam Sarachik</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Richard_Alley" title="Richard Alley">Richard Alley</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Wendy_Freedman" title="Wendy Freedman">Wendy Freedman</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Keivan_Stassun" title="Keivan Stassun">Keivan Stassun</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_von_Neumann_Lecturers55" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="John_von_Neumann_Lecturers55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="John_von_Neumann_Lecture" class="mw-redirect" title="John von Neumann Lecture">John von Neumann Lecturers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lars_Ahlfors" title="Lars Ahlfors">Lars Ahlfors</a> <small>(1960)</small></li>

<li><a href="Jean_Leray" title="Jean Leray">Jean Leray</a><small> (1962)</small></li>

<li><a href="Stanislaw_Ulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislaw Ulam">Stanislaw Ulam</a> <small>(1963)</small></li>

<li><a href="Solomon_Lefschetz" title="Solomon Lefschetz">Solomon Lefschetz</a> <small>(1964)</small></li>

<li><a href="Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a> <small>(1965)</small></li>

<li><a href="Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a> <small>(1966)</small></li>

<li><a href="Chia-Chiao_Lin" title="Chia-Chiao Lin">Chia-Chiao Lin</a> <small>(1967)</small></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Lax" title="Peter Lax">Peter Lax</a> <small>(1968)</small></li>

<li><a href="George_F._Carrier" title="George F. Carrier">George F. Carrier</a> <small>(1969)</small></li>

<li><a href="James_H._Wilkinson" title="James H. Wilkinson">James H. Wilkinson</a> <small>(1970)</small></li>

<li><a href="Jule_Gregory_Charney" title="Jule Gregory Charney">Jule Charney</a> <small>(1974)</small></li>

<li><a href="James_Lighthill" title="James Lighthill">James Lighthill</a> <small>(1975)</small></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a> <small>(1977)</small></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Henrici_(mathematician)" title="Peter Henrici (mathematician)">Peter Henrici</a> <small>(1978)</small></li>

<li><a href="Kurt_Otto_Friedrichs" title="Kurt Otto Friedrichs">Kurt O. Friedrichs</a> <small>(1979)</small></li>

<li><a href="Keith_Stewartson" title="Keith Stewartson">Keith Stewartson</a> <small>(1980)</small></li>

<li><a href="Garrett_Birkhoff" title="Garrett Birkhoff">Garrett Birkhoff</a> <small>(1981)</small></li>

<li><a href="David_Slepian" title="David Slepian">David Slepian</a> <small>(1982)</small></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Keller" title="Joseph Keller">Joseph B. Keller</a> <small>(1983)</small></li>

<li><a href="J%C3%BCrgen_Moser" title="Jürgen Moser">Jürgen Moser</a> <small>(1984)</small></li>

<li><a href="John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John W. Tukey</a> <small>(1985)</small></li>

<li><a href="Jacques-Louis_Lions" title="Jacques-Louis Lions">Jacques-Louis Lions</a> <small>(1986)</small></li>

<li><a href="Richard_M._Karp" title="Richard M. Karp">Richard M. Karp</a> <small>(1987)</small></li>

<li><a href="Germund_Dahlquist" title="Germund Dahlquist">Germund Dahlquist</a> <small>(1988)</small></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Smale" title="Stephen Smale">Stephen Smale</a> <small>(1989)</small></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Majda" title="Andrew Majda">Andrew Majda</a> <small>(1990)</small></li>

<li><a href="R._Tyrrell_Rockafellar" title="R. Tyrrell Rockafellar">R. Tyrrell Rockafellar</a> <small>(1992)</small></li>

<li><a href="Martin_David_Kruskal" title="Martin David Kruskal">Martin D. Kruskal</a> <small>(1994)</small></li>

<li><a href="William_Kahan" title="William Kahan">William Kahan</a> <small>(1997)</small></li>

<li><a href="Olga_Ladyzhenskaya" title="Olga Ladyzhenskaya">Olga Ladyzhenskaya</a> <small>(1998)</small></li>

<li><a href="Charles_S._Peskin" title="Charles S. Peskin">Charles S. Peskin</a> <small>(1999)</small></li>

<li><a href="Persi_Diaconis" title="Persi Diaconis">Persi Diaconis</a> <small>(2000)</small></li>

<li><a href="David_Donoho" title="David Donoho">David Donoho</a> <small>(2001)</small></li>

<li><a href="Eric_Lander" title="Eric Lander">Eric Lander</a> <small>(2002)</small></li>

<li><a href="Heinz-Otto_Kreiss" title="Heinz-Otto Kreiss">Heinz-Otto Kreiss</a> <small>(2003)</small></li>

<li><a href="Alan_C._Newell" title="Alan C. Newell">Alan C. Newell</a> <small>(2004)</small></li>

<li><a href="Jerrold_E._Marsden" title="Jerrold E. Marsden">Jerrold E. Marsden</a> <small>(2005)</small></li>

<li><a href="George_C._Papanicolaou" title="George C. Papanicolaou">George C. Papanicolaou</a> <small>(2006)</small></li>

<li><a href="Nancy_Kopell" title="Nancy Kopell">Nancy Kopell</a> <small>(2007)</small></li>

<li><a href="David_Gottlieb_(mathematician)" title="David Gottlieb (mathematician)">David Gottlieb</a> <small>(2008)</small></li>

<li><a href="Franco_Brezzi" title="Franco Brezzi">Franco Brezzi</a> <small>(2009)</small></li>

<li><a href="Bernd_Sturmfels" title="Bernd Sturmfels">Bernd Sturmfels</a> <small>(2010)</small></li>

<li><a href="Ingrid_Daubechies" title="Ingrid Daubechies">Ingrid Daubechies</a> <small>(2011)</small></li>

<li><a href="Stanley_Osher" title="Stanley Osher">Stanley Osher</a> <small>(2013)</small></li>

<li><a href="Leslie_Greengard" title="Leslie Greengard">Leslie Greengard</a> <small>(2014)</small></li>

<li><a href="Jennifer_Tour_Chayes" title="Jennifer Tour Chayes">Jennifer Tour Chayes</a> <small>(2015)</small></li>

<li><a href="Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a> <small>(2016)</small></li>

<li><a href="Bernard_J._Matkowsky" title="Bernard J. Matkowsky">Bernard J. Matkowsky</a> <small>(2017)</small></li>

<li><a href="Charles_F._Van_Loan" title="Charles F. Van Loan">Charles F. Van Loan</a> <small>(2018)</small></li>

<li><a href="Margaret_H._Wright" title="Margaret H. Wright">Margaret H. Wright</a> <small>(2019)</small></li>

<li><a href="Nick_Trefethen" title="Nick Trefethen">Nick Trefethen</a> <small>(2020)</small></li>

<li><a href="Leah_Keshet" title="Leah Keshet">Leah Keshet</a> <small>(2022)</small></li>

<li><a href="Yousef_Saad" title="Yousef Saad">Yousef Saad</a> <small>(2023)</small></li>

<li><a href="Jorge_Nocedal" title="Jorge Nocedal">Jorge Nocedal</a> <small>(2024)</small></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Econometric_Society138" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Presidents_of_the_Econometric_Society138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_Presidents_of_the_Econometric_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Econometric Society">Presidents</a> of the <a href="Econometric_Society" title="Econometric Society">Econometric Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1931–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a> (1931–1934)</li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Divisia" title="François Divisia">François Divisia</a> (1935)</li>

<li><a href="Harold_Hotelling" title="Harold Hotelling">Harold Hotelling</a> (1936–1937)</li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">Arthur Bowley</a> (1938–1939)</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> (1940–1941)</li>

<li><a href="Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley Mitchell</a> (1942–1943)</li>

<li><a href="John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> (1944–1945)</li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Marschak" title="Jacob Marschak">Jacob Marschak</a> (1946)</li>

<li><a href="Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a> (1947)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_F._Roos" title="Charles F. Roos">Charles Roos</a> (1948)</li>

<li><a href="Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Ragnar Frisch</a> (1949)</li>

<li><a href="Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling Koopmans</a> (1950)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="R._G._D._Allen" title="R. G. D. Allen">R. G. D. Allen</a> (1951)</li>

<li><a href="Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a> (1954)</li>

<li><a href="Richard_Stone" title="Richard Stone">Richard Stone</a> (1955)</li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a> (1956)</li>

<li><a href="Trygve_Haavelmo" title="Trygve Haavelmo">Trygve Haavelmo</a> (1957)</li>

<li><a href="James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a> (1958)</li>

<li><a href="Marcel_Boiteux" title="Marcel Boiteux">Marcel Boiteux</a> (1959)</li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence Klein</a> (1960)</li>

<li><a href="Henri_Theil" title="Henri Theil">Henri Theil</a> (1961)</li>

<li><a href="Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a> (1962)</li>

<li><a href="Edmond_Malinvaud" title="Edmond Malinvaud">Edmond Malinvaud</a> (1963)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert Solow</a> (1964)</li>

<li><a href="Michio_Morishima" title="Michio Morishima">Michio Morishima</a> (1965)</li>

<li><a href="Herman_Wold" title="Herman Wold">Herman Wold</a> (1966)</li>

<li><a href="Hendrik_S._Houthakker" title="Hendrik S. Houthakker">Hendrik Houthakker</a> (1967)</li>

<li><a href="Frank_Hahn" title="Frank Hahn">Frank Hahn</a> (1968)</li>

<li><a href="Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a> (1969)</li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Dr%C3%A8ze" title="Jacques Drèze">Jacques Drèze</a> (1970)</li>

<li><a href="G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a> (1971)</li>

<li><a href="W._M._Gorman" title="W. M. Gorman">W. M. Gorman</a> (1972)</li>

<li><a href="Roy_Radner" title="Roy Radner">Roy Radner</a> (1973)</li>

<li><a href="Don_Patinkin" title="Don Patinkin">Don Patinkin</a> (1974)</li>

<li><a href="Zvi_Griliches" title="Zvi Griliches">Zvi Griliches</a> (1975)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hirofumi_Uzawa" title="Hirofumi Uzawa">Hirofumi Uzawa</a> (1976)</li>

<li><a href="Lionel_W._McKenzie" title="Lionel W. McKenzie">Lionel McKenzie</a> (1977)</li>

<li><a href="J%C3%A1nos_Kornai" title="János Kornai">János Kornai</a> (1978)</li>

<li><a href="Franklin_M._Fisher" title="Franklin M. Fisher">Franklin M. Fisher</a> (1979)</li>

<li><a href="Denis_Sargan" title="Denis Sargan">J. Denis Sargan</a> (1980)</li>

<li><a href="Marc_Nerlove" title="Marc Nerlove">Marc Nerlove</a> (1981)</li>

<li><a href="James_Mirrlees" title="James Mirrlees">James A. Mirrlees</a> (1982)</li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Scarf" title="Herbert Scarf">Herbert Scarf</a> (1983)</li>

<li><a href="Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya K. Sen</a> (1984)</li>

<li><a href="Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel McFadden</a> (1985)</li>

<li><a href="Michael_Bruno_(economist)" title="Michael Bruno (economist)">Michael Bruno</a> (1986)</li>

<li><a href="Dale_W._Jorgenson" title="Dale W. Jorgenson">Dale Jorgenson</a> (1987)</li>

<li><a href="Tony_Atkinson" title="Tony Atkinson">Anthony B. Atkinson</a> (1988)</li>

<li><a href="Hugo_F._Sonnenschein" title="Hugo F. Sonnenschein">Hugo Sonnenschein</a> (1989)</li>

<li>Jean-Michel Grandmont (1990)</li>

<li><a href="Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter Diamond</a> (1991)</li>

<li><a href="Jean-Jacques_Laffont" title="Jean-Jacques Laffont">Jean-Jacques Laffont</a> (1992)</li>

<li><a href="Andreu_Mas-Colell" title="Andreu Mas-Colell">Andreu Mas-Colell</a> (1993)</li>

<li><a href="Takashi_Negishi" title="Takashi Negishi">Takashi Negishi</a> (1994)</li>

<li><a href="Christopher_A._Sims" title="Christopher A. Sims">Christopher Sims</a> (1995)</li>

<li><a href="Roger_Guesnerie" title="Roger Guesnerie">Roger Guesnerie</a> (1996)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert E. Lucas, Jr.</a> (1997)</li>

<li><a href="Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Jean Tirole</a> (1998)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_B._Wilson" title="Robert B. Wilson">Robert B. Wilson</a> (1999)</li>

<li><a href="Elhanan_Helpman" title="Elhanan Helpman">Elhanan Helpman</a> (2000)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Avinash_Dixit" title="Avinash Dixit">Avinash Dixit</a> (2001)</li>

<li>Guy Laroque (2002)</li>

<li><a href="Eric_Maskin" title="Eric Maskin">Eric Maskin</a> (2003)</li>

<li><a href="Ariel_Rubinstein" title="Ariel Rubinstein">Ariel Rubinstein</a> (2004)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a> (2005)</li>

<li><a href="Richard_Blundell" title="Richard Blundell">Richard Blundell</a> (2006)</li>

<li><a href="Lars_Peter_Hansen" title="Lars Peter Hansen">Lars Peter Hansen</a> (2007)</li>

<li><a href="Torsten_Persson" title="Torsten Persson">Torsten Persson</a> (2008)</li>

<li><a href="Roger_Myerson" title="Roger Myerson">Roger B. Myerson</a> (2009)</li>

<li><a href="John_Hardman_Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hardman Moore">John H. Moore</a> (2010)</li>

<li><a href="Bengt_Holmstr%C3%B6m" title="Bengt Holmström">Bengt Holmström</a> (2011)</li>

<li>Jean-Charles Rochet (2012)</li>

<li><a href="James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James J. Heckman</a> (2013)</li>

<li><a href="Manuel_Arellano" title="Manuel Arellano">Manuel Arellano</a> (2014)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Porter_(economist)" title="Robert Porter (economist)">Robert Porter</a> (2015)</li>

<li><a href="Eddie_Dekel" title="Eddie Dekel">Eddie Dekel</a> (2016)</li>

<li><a href="Drew_Fudenberg" title="Drew Fudenberg">Drew Fudenberg</a> (2017)</li>

<li><a href="Tim_Besley" title="Tim Besley">Tim Besley</a> (2018)</li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Morris_(economist)" title="Stephen Morris (economist)">Stephen Morris</a> (2019)</li>

<li><a href="Orazio_Attanasio" title="Orazio Attanasio">Orazio Attanasio</a> (2020)</li>

<li><a href="Pinelopi_Koujianou_Goldberg" title="Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg">Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg</a> (2021)</li>

<li><a href="Guido_Tabellini" title="Guido Tabellini">Guido Tabellini</a> (2022)</li>

<li><a href="Rosa_Matzkin" title="Rosa Matzkin">Rosa Matzkin</a> (2023)</li>

<li><a href="Eliana_La_Ferrara" title="Eliana La Ferrara">Eliana La Ferrara</a> (2024)</li>

<li><a href="Larry_Samuelson" title="Larry Samuelson">Larry Samuelson</a> (2025)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association120" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association120" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Presidents_of_the_American_Economic_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of the American Economic Association">Presidents of the American Economic Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1886–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis Amasa Walker</a> (1886)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_Franklin_Dunbar" title="Charles Franklin Dunbar">Charles Franklin Dunbar</a> (1893)</li>

<li><a href="John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">John Bates Clark</a> (1894)</li>

<li><a href="Henry_Carter_Adams" title="Henry Carter Adams">Henry Carter Adams</a> (1896)</li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Twining_Hadley" title="Arthur Twining Hadley">Arthur Twining Hadley</a> (1898)</li>

<li><a href="Richard_T._Ely" title="Richard T. Ely">Richard T. Ely</a> (1900)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Edwin_R._A._Seligman" title="Edwin R. A. Seligman">Edwin R. A. Seligman</a> (1902)</li>

<li><a href="F._W._Taussig" title="F. W. Taussig">F. W. Taussig</a> (1904)</li>

<li><a href="Jeremiah_Jenks" title="Jeremiah Jenks">Jeremiah Jenks</a> (1906)</li>

<li><a href="Simon_Patten" title="Simon Patten">Simon Patten</a> (1908)</li>

<li><a href="Davis_Rich_Dewey" title="Davis Rich Dewey">Davis Rich Dewey</a> (1909)</li>

<li><a href="Edmund_J._James" title="Edmund J. James">Edmund J. James</a> (1910)</li>

<li><a href="Henry_Walcott_Farnam" title="Henry Walcott Farnam">Henry Walcott Farnam</a> (1911)</li>

<li><a href="Frank_Fetter" title="Frank Fetter">Frank Fetter</a> (1912)</li>

<li><a href="David_Kinley" title="David Kinley">David Kinley</a> (1913)</li>

<li><a href="Walter_Francis_Willcox" title="Walter Francis Willcox">Walter Francis Willcox</a> (1915)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Nixon_Carver" title="Thomas Nixon Carver">Thomas Nixon Carver</a> (1916)</li>

<li><a href="John_R._Commons" title="John R. Commons">John R. Commons</a> (1917)</li>

<li><a href="Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a> (1918)</li>

<li><a href="Henry_B._Gardner" title="Henry B. Gardner">Henry B. Gardner</a> (1919)</li>

<li><a href="Herbert_J._Davenport" title="Herbert J. Davenport">Herbert J. Davenport</a> (1920)</li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Hollander" title="Jacob Hollander">Jacob H. Hollander</a> (1921)</li>

<li><a href="Henry_Rogers_Seager" title="Henry Rogers Seager">Henry R. Seager</a> (1922)</li>

<li><a href="Carl_C._Plehn" title="Carl C. Plehn">Carl C. Plehn</a> (1923)</li>

<li><a href="Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley C. Mitchell</a> (1924)</li>

<li><a href="Allyn_Abbott_Young" title="Allyn Abbott Young">Allyn A. Young</a> (1925)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Edwin_W._Kemmerer" title="Edwin W. Kemmerer">Edwin W. Kemmerer</a> (1926)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Sewall_Adams" title="Thomas Sewall Adams">Thomas S. Adams</a> (1927)</li>

<li><a href="Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a> (1928)</li>

<li><a href="Edwin_Francis_Gay" title="Edwin Francis Gay">Edwin F. Gay</a> (1929)</li>

<li><a href="Matthew_B._Hammond" title="Matthew B. Hammond">Matthew B. Hammond</a> (1930)</li>

<li><a href="Ernest_L._Bogart" title="Ernest L. Bogart">Ernest L. Bogart</a> (1931)</li>

<li><a href="George_E._Barnett" title="George E. Barnett">George E. Barnett</a> (1932)</li>

<li><a href="William_Z._Ripley" title="William Z. Ripley">William Z. Ripley</a> (1933)</li>

<li><a href="Harry_A._Millis" title="Harry A. Millis">Harry A. Millis</a> (1934)</li>

<li><a href="John_Maurice_Clark" title="John Maurice Clark">John M. Clark</a> (1935)</li>

<li><a href="Alvin_Saunders_Johnson" title="Alvin Saunders Johnson">Alvin S. Johnson</a> (1936)</li>

<li><a href="Oliver_M._W._Sprague" title="Oliver M. W. Sprague">Oliver M. W. Sprague</a> (1937)</li>

<li><a href="Alvin_Hansen" title="Alvin Hansen">Alvin Hansen</a> (1938)</li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Viner" title="Jacob Viner">Jacob Viner</a> (1939)</li>

<li><a href="Frederick_C._Mills" title="Frederick C. Mills">Frederick C. Mills</a> (1940)</li>

<li><a href="Sumner_Slichter" title="Sumner Slichter">Sumner Slichter</a> (1941)</li>

<li><a href="Edwin_Griswold_Nourse" title="Edwin Griswold Nourse">Edwin G. Nourse</a> (1942)</li>

<li><a href="Albert_B._Wolfe" title="Albert B. Wolfe">Albert B. Wolfe</a> (1943)</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_S._Davis" title="Joseph S. Davis">Joseph S. Davis</a> (1944)</li>

<li><a href="Isaiah_Leo_Sharfman" title="Isaiah Leo Sharfman">I. Leo Sharfman</a> (1945)</li>

<li><a href="Emanuel_Goldenweiser" title="Emanuel Goldenweiser">Emanuel A. Goldenweiser</a> (1946)</li>

<li><a href="Paul_Douglas_(Illinois_politician)" title="Paul Douglas (Illinois politician)">Paul Douglas</a> (1947)</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> (1948)</li>

<li><a href="Howard_S._Ellis" title="Howard S. Ellis">Howard S. Ellis</a> (1949)</li>

<li><a href="Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Frank Knight</a> (1950)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="John_Henry_Williams_(economist)" title="John Henry Williams (economist)">John H. Williams</a> (1951)</li>

<li><a href="Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Harold A. Innis</a> (1952)</li>

<li><a href="Calvin_B._Hoover" title="Calvin B. Hoover">Calvin B. Hoover</a> (1953)</li>

<li><a href="Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a> (1954)</li>

<li><a href="John_D._Black" title="John D. Black">John D. Black</a> (1955)</li>

<li><a href="Edwin_E._Witte" title="Edwin E. Witte">Edwin E. Witte</a> (1956)</li>

<li><a href="Morris_A._Copeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris A. Copeland">Morris A. Copeland</a> (1957)</li>

<li><a href="George_W._Stocking_Sr." title="George W. Stocking Sr.">George W. Stocking</a> (1958)</li>

<li><a href="Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Arthur F. Burns</a> (1959)</li>

<li><a href="Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore W. Schultz</a> (1960)</li>

<li><a href="Edward_Sagendorph_Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Sagendorph Mason">Edward S. Mason</a> (1962)</li>

<li><a href="Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Gottfried Haberler</a> (1963)</li>

<li><a href="George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a> (1964)</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_J._Spengler" title="Joseph J. Spengler">Joseph J. Spengler</a> (1965)</li>

<li><a href="Fritz_Machlup" title="Fritz Machlup">Fritz Machlup</a> (1966)</li>

<li><a href="Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> (1967)</li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a> (1968)</li>

<li><a href="William_Fellner" title="William Fellner">William J. Fellner</a> (1969)</li>

<li><a href="Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a> (1970)</li>

<li><a href="James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a> (1971)</li>

<li><a href="John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a> (1972)</li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a> (1973)</li>

<li><a href="Walter_Heller" title="Walter Heller">Walter W. Heller</a> (1974)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Aaron_Gordon" title="Robert Aaron Gordon">R. Aaron Gordon</a> (1975)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a> (1976)</li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a> (1977)</li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Marschak" title="Jacob Marschak">Jacob Marschak</a> (1978)</li>

<li><a href="Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling C. Koopmans</a> (1978)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a> (1979)</li>

<li><a href="Moses_Abramovitz" title="Moses Abramovitz">Moses Abramovitz</a> (1980)</li>

<li><a href="William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">William J. Baumol</a> (1981)</li>

<li><a href="Gardner_Ackley" title="Gardner Ackley">Gardner Ackley</a> (1982)</li>

<li><a href="W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis">W. Arthur Lewis</a> (1983)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_Schultze" title="Charles Schultze">Charles L. Schultze</a> (1984)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_P._Kindleberger" title="Charles P. Kindleberger">Charles P. Kindleberger</a> (1985)</li>

<li><a href="Alice_Rivlin" title="Alice Rivlin">Alice M. Rivlin</a> (1986)</li>

<li><a href="Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary S. Becker</a> (1987)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Eisner" title="Robert Eisner">Robert Eisner</a> (1988)</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_A._Pechman" title="Joseph A. Pechman">Joseph A. Pechman</a> (1989)</li>

<li><a href="G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a> (1990)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas C. Schelling</a> (1991)</li>

<li><a href="William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a> (1992)</li>

<li><a href="Zvi_Griliches" title="Zvi Griliches">Zvi Griliches</a> (1993)</li>

<li><a href="Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> (1994)</li>

<li><a href="Victor_Fuchs" title="Victor Fuchs">Victor R. Fuchs</a> (1995)</li>

<li><a href="Anne_Osborn_Krueger" title="Anne Osborn Krueger">Anne O. Krueger</a> (1996)</li>

<li><a href="Arnold_Harberger" title="Arnold Harberger">Arnold C. Harberger</a> (1997)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert W. Fogel</a> (1998)</li>

<li><a href="D._Gale_Johnson" title="D. Gale Johnson">D. Gale Johnson</a> (1999)</li>

<li><a href="Dale_W._Jorgenson" title="Dale W. Jorgenson">Dale W. Jorgenson</a> (2000)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Sherwin_Rosen" title="Sherwin Rosen">Sherwin Rosen</a> (2001)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert Lucas Jr.</a> (2002)</li>

<li><a href="Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter Diamond</a> (2003)</li>

<li><a href="Martin_Feldstein" title="Martin Feldstein">Martin Feldstein</a> (2004)</li>

<li><a href="Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel McFadden</a> (2005)</li>

<li><a href="George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George Akerlof</a> (2006)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a> (2007)</li>

<li><a href="Avinash_Dixit" title="Avinash Dixit">Avinash Dixit</a> (2008)</li>

<li><a href="Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Angus Deaton</a> (2009)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Hall_(economist)" title="Robert Hall (economist)">Robert Hall</a> (2010)</li>

<li><a href="Orley_Ashenfelter" title="Orley Ashenfelter">Orley Ashenfelter</a> (2011)</li>

<li><a href="Christopher_A._Sims" title="Christopher A. Sims">Christopher A. Sims</a> (2012)</li>

<li><a href="Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a> (2013)</li>

<li><a href="William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a> (2014)</li>

<li><a href="Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard Thaler</a> (2015)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert J. Shiller</a> (2016)</li>

<li><a href="Alvin_E._Roth" title="Alvin E. Roth">Alvin E. Roth</a> (2017)</li>

<li><a href="Olivier_Blanchard" title="Olivier Blanchard">Olivier Blanchard</a> (2018)</li>

<li><a href="Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2019)</li>

<li><a href="Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a> (2020)</li>

<li><a href="David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> (2021)</li>

<li><a href="Christina_Romer" title="Christina Romer">Christina Romer</a> (2022)</li>

<li><a href="Susan_Athey" title="Susan Athey">Susan Athey</a> (2023)</li>

<li><a href="Janet_Currie" title="Janet Currie">Janet Currie</a> (2024)</li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_F._Katz" title="Lawrence F. Katz">Lawrence F. Katz</a> (2025)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_International_Economic_Association56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Presidents_of_the_International_Economic_Association56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="International_Economic_Association" title="International Economic Association">International Economic Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> (1950)</li>

<li><a href="Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Gottfried Haberler</a> (1950–1953)</li>

<li><a href="Howard_S._Ellis" title="Howard S. Ellis">Howard S. Ellis</a> (1953–1956)</li>

<li><a href="Erik_Lindahl" title="Erik Lindahl">Erik Lindahl</a> (1956–1959)</li>

<li><a href="Austin_Robinson" title="Austin Robinson">E. A. G. Robinson</a> (1959–1962)</li>

<li><a href="Giuseppe_Ugo_Papi" title="Giuseppe Ugo Papi">Giuseppe Ugo Papi</a> (1962–1965)</li>

<li><a href="Erik_Lundberg" title="Erik Lundberg">Erik Lundberg</a> (1968–1971)</li>

<li><a href="Fritz_Machlup" title="Fritz Machlup">Fritz Machlup</a> (1971–1974)</li>

<li><a href="Edmond_Malinvaud" title="Edmond Malinvaud">Edmond Malinvaud</a> (1974–1977)</li>

<li><a href="Shigeto_Tsuru" title="Shigeto Tsuru">Shigeto Tsuru</a> (1977–1980)</li>

<li><a href="V%C3%ADctor_Urquidi" title="Víctor Urquidi">Víctor L. Urquidi</a> (1980–1983)</li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a> (1983–1986)</li>

<li><a href="Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> (1986–1989)</li>

<li><a href="Tony_Atkinson" title="Tony Atkinson">Anthony B. Atkinson</a> (1989–1992)</li>

<li><a href="Michael_Bruno_(economist)" title="Michael Bruno (economist)">Michael Bruno</a> (1992–1995)</li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Dr%C3%A8ze" title="Jacques Drèze">Jacques Drèze</a> (1995–1999)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a> (1999–2002)</li>

<li><a href="J%C3%A1nos_Kornai" title="János Kornai">János Kornai</a> (2002–2005)</li>

<li><a href="Guillermo_Calvo" title="Guillermo Calvo">Guillermo Calvo</a> (2005–2008)</li>

<li><a href="Masahiko_Aoki" title="Masahiko Aoki">Masahiko Aoki</a> (2008–2011)</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph E. Stiglitz</a> (2011–2014)</li>

<li><a href="Tim_Besley" title="Tim Besley">Tim Besley</a> (2014–2017)</li>

<li><a href="Kaushik_Basu" title="Kaushik Basu">Kaushik Basu</a> (2017–)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102454#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4531" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102454#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4531" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121448929">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/98511352">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1732779">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJckVVFcXp3tp46HtfKTpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118605321">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50019332">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11923583w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11923583w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00455249">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Samuelson, Paul A."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV005606">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35473912">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990007329&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1151617">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/80426">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068667272">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90078203">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000034093&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000022439&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=96732">Greece</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=93946">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000034362">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199624030">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm14d9975p00z7d">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810602792405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text external" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/203422">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007296950005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513982506706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14141941">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0056633X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=137085">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:samuelson.paul-anthony">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ZglAOxkAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/13/11401">DBLP</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/153950">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/523298">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118605321.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118605321">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027121356">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582207">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ww83kr">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/e8df84f9-c3c7-4814-9c52-11b0420cbb32">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-02" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Paul_Samuelson&oldid=1303938288">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>